{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:04:44Z","timestamp":1768338284409,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Azide is a highly toxic chemical agent to human being. Accidental, but also intentional exposure to azide occurs. To be able to confirm azide ingestion, we developed a method to identify and quantify azide in biological matrices. Cyanide was included in the method to evaluate suggested in vivo production of cyanide after azide ingestion. Azide in biological matrices was first derivatized by propionic anhydride to form propionyl azide. Simultaneously, cyanide was converted into hydrogen cyanide. After thermal rearrangement of propionyl azide, ethyl isocyanate was formed, separated together with hydrogen cyanide by gas chromatography (GC) and detected using a nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD). The method was linear from 1.0\u2010100\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for both analytes, and azide was stable in human plasma at \u221220\u00b0C for at least 49\u00a0days. Azide was measured in the gastric content of two cases of suspected azide ingestion (case 1:1.2\u00a0mg\/mL, case 2:1.5\u00a0mg\/mL). Cyanide was only identified in the gastric content of case 1 (approximately 1.4\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). Furthermore, azide was quantified in plasma (19\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), serum (24\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), cell pellet (21\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) and urine (3.0\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) of case 2. This method can be used to confirm azide and cyanide exposure, and azide concentrations can be quantified in several biological matrices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T17:03:55Z","timestamp":1603386235000},"page":"534-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Toxicological analysis of azide and cyanide for azide intoxications using gas chromatography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0300-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maaike A. C.","family":"Bruin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douwe","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikkie","family":"Venekamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthijs","family":"Tibben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Rosing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dylan W.","family":"de Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos H.","family":"Beijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alwin D. 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