{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:25:17Z","timestamp":1778617517270,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005970","name":"Deutsche Stiftung f\u00fcr Herzforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metoclopramide (MCP) is a dopamine D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010receptor antagonist, mainly used to treat post\u2010operative or chemotherapy\u2010induced nausea. While it is very effective in the cure of gastric symptoms, MCP can cause severe neurologic side effects. Furthermore, there is growing evidence for severe arrhythmic side effects resulting from inhibitory effects on cardiac sodium and potassium channels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen hearts of New Zealand white rabbits were retrogradely perfused, and electrophysiology studies were performed to obtain action potential duration (APD<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>) and effective refractory period (ERP). After generating baseline data, the hearts were perfused with increasing concentrations of metoclopramide (MCP 10\u00a0\u00b5M, MCP 50\u00a0\u00b5M, MCP 100\u00a0\u00b5M) and the standardized protocol was repeated for each concentration. Perfusion with MCP resulted in a significant prolongation of APD<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> and QT interval. In parallel, the incidence of ventricular tachycardias was significantly increased by high doses of MCP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first experimental study that investigated the effect of increasing doses of metoclopramide on a sensitive whole\u2010heart model of proarrhythmia. MCP led to a significant increase in action potential duration and QT interval; meanwhile, the number of ventricular tachycardias was significantly increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T18:50:19Z","timestamp":1612637419000},"page":"741-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proarrhythmic potential of metoclopramide in a sensitive whole\u2010heart model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Wolfes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology) University Hospital M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ellermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology) University Hospital M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Burde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology) University Hospital M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology) University Hospital M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"Frommeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology) University Hospital M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1645594"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1710-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-1-86"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390110070015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01641.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"805","article-title":"Torsade de pointes induced by metoclopramide in an elderly woman with preexisting complete left bundle branch block","volume":"24","author":"Chou CC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2002.460725.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000083234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618799153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01271-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00542101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-020-01293-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91428-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00036.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.037911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90824-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-017-9416-0"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; 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