{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:46:00Z","timestamp":1774892760247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioids change gut motility, and opium tincture has been used for treatment of chronic diarrhoea for centuries. However, the effects have never been documented in controlled trials. We aimed to investigate the effects of opium tincture on gastrointestinal transit and motility, frequency of bowel movements, stool consistency, gastrointestinal symptoms and sedation. Twenty healthy subjects were included in this randomized controlled trial. Opium tincture or placebo was each applied for 9\u2009days. Gastrointestinal transit and motility were investigated with the 3D\u2010transit system. Bowel movements and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded daily. General cognition, reaction time, memory and electroencephalography were used to assess effects on the central nervous system. Opium tincture doubled colonic transit (49 vs. 23\u2009h, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), decreased antegrade colonic movements (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), reduced daily bowel movements (0.7 vs. 1.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and increased stool consistency (Type 3 vs. Type 4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No changes in general cognition, reaction time or memory were observed, and minor changes of power observed by electroencephalography did not indicate sedation. This study is the first to show that opium tincture has anti\u2010propulsive properties in the healthy gut, while no sedative effects were seen. This indicates that opium tincture is a relevant and safe treatment option in chronic diarrhoea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T05:59:11Z","timestamp":1677563951000},"page":"434-448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of opium tincture on the enteric and central nervous systems: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2659-4313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Okdahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esben Bolvig","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Institute Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasmus Bach","family":"Nedergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8373-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilie Siggaard","family":"Knoph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Institute Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4157-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias Ellgaard","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Institute Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Krogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asbj\u00f8rn Mohr","family":"Drewes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Institute Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618818305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01295712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.07.028"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Medicinal aspects of opium as described in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine","volume":"11","author":"Heydari M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Med Hist Adriat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"WhiteWL.Selected papers of William L. 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