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However, whether IL\u20104\/IL\u20104R\u03b1 participates in skeletogenesis during embryonic development is not completely understood. We used the anti\u2010IL\u20104R\u03b1 monoclonal antibody (anti\u2010IL\u20104R\u03b1 mAb) as a powerful investigational tool to evaluate the potential roles of IL\u20104\/IL\u20104R\u03b1 in the chondrogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro. Simultaneously, we explored the effect of IL\u20104\/IL\u20104R\u03b1 on bone ossification during rat embryo\u2010fetal development. In this study, we found that, compared to the control group, IL\u20104 can significantly promote the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, following exposure to anti\u2010IL\u20104R\u03b1 mAb in pregnant rats, unexpected phenomena were observed in fetal bone development, including non\u2010ossification of the fetal sternum, an incomplete ossification centre in long bones and a reduced number of ossification points in digit (toe) bones. To further investigate the underlying mechanism of the phenotype, we studied the rat sternum as the target organ, starting from different time points of sternum development in the embryonic stage. The results indicated that the retardation mainly occurred in the middle and late stages of embryonic development. This retardation was characterized by the inhibition of the differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes, resulting in reduced angiogenesis near the ossification centre, failure of osteoblasts to invade the centre of the cartilage body with the blood vessels and delayed formation of the primary ossification centre (POC). Overall, our study demonstrated the significant function of IL\u20104\/IL\u20104R\u03b1 in chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs and bone ossification during embryo\u2010fetal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T02:05:26Z","timestamp":1728871526000},"page":"693-704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["IL\u20104 promotes chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells\u00a0and blockade of IL\u20104R\u03b1 retards the endochondral ossification during rat embryonic bone development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Yimeng","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghe","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus  Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minglong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Qianyi Testing Technology Development Co. 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Benxi Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8266078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2017.1298443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102249.1994.tb06029.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.05.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366\u2010021\u201000902\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670710015337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419\u2010020\u201002945\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104957200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01657"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413\u2010018\u20100021\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13944"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418\u2010021\u201000904\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20104939\u20109698\u20108_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Studies on the morphogenesis of the mouse sternum. 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