{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:19:31Z","timestamp":1792196371840,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002385","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies have emphasized the significant role of p\u2010cresol and its conjugated form, p\u2010cresyl sulphate (PCS), in enhancing oxidative stress, leading to potential detrimental effects on various biological systems. Both p\u2010cresol and PCS contribute to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in tissue damage, inflammation and a cascade of physiological abnormalities. Elevated p\u2010cresol levels have been associated with greater clinical severity in autism spectrum disorder, correlating with more severe behavioural manifestations and a history of regression. This systematic review explores the recent evidence on how these compounds promote oxidative stress and their impact on different health conditions. This review also addresses the involvement of p\u2010cresol and PCS in conditions such as chronic kidney disease, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, where oxidative damage contributes to disease progression. Furthermore, this review highlights the need for further research to understand the precise mechanisms by which p\u2010cresol and PCS modulate oxidative stress and their potential as biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This focused review systematically summarizes recent evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in the damage of biological systems produced by two uremic toxins, p\u2010cresol and its conjugated form, p\u2010cresyl sulphate (PCS).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>p\u2010cresol coming from environmental sources or produced by some gut bacterial strains, modulates various conditions, like chronic kidney disease, Parkinson's disease and autism spectrum disorder, among others.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Oxidative damage and inflammation seemingly contribute to disease onset, progression and\/or severity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The exact mechanism by which p\u2010cresol and PCS promote oxidative stress, their influence on disease trajectory and their potential role as biomarkers merit further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T02:39:59Z","timestamp":1750300799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["p\u2010Cresol and p\u2010Cresyl Sulphate Boost Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5792-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinvil","family":"Renaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University  Makassar Indonesia"},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Division, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University  Makassar Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University  Makassar Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tjhin","family":"Wiguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Division, Department of PsychiatryFaculty of Medicine University of Indonesia  Jakarta Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital  Jakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8910-4479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio\u00a0M.","family":"Persico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Child &amp; Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Program Modena University Hospital  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3962-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi\u00a0Jayalangkara","family":"Tanra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University  Makassar Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056927"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2082145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.813304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/oxygen3010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01135-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2012.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2010.548010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2014.936911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1200391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2016014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.114984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2022002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2021.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12030170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7086512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0225-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080743"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Evidence of Endothelial Dysfunction in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease: Is Alzheimer's a Vascular Disorder?","volume":"3","author":"Kelleher R. J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijtm4010010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10040233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01103-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Inhibition of the Beta\u2010Oxidation Pathway of Fatty Acids and Dopamine\u2010 Beta\u2010Hydroxylase by Phenyl Derivatives of Short\u2010 Chain Fatty Acids From Gastrointestinal Clostridia Bacteria Is a (the) Major Cause of Autism","volume":"22","author":"Shaw W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integrative Medicine (Encinitas)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00073-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2858-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525\u2010139X.2011.00925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.738220"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.562048"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1750906387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcpt.70065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcpt.70065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.70065","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-7835","1742-7843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-7835","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-7843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70065"}}