{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:02:29Z","timestamp":1773032549692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82170353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internal mammary artery (IMA) is the most commonly used graft in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Spasm of the IMA is a long\u2010recognized problem with the reported prevalence of 0.43% in all CABG surgery. This study explored the antispastic effect and the mechanism of a new generation of dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker efondipine in the IMA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Discarded distal IMA taken from 54 patients undergoing CABG were collected. The concentration\u2013relaxation curves of efonidipine (\u221212 to \u22124.5 log M) in the IMA precontracted with KCl or U46619 were constructed, and the effect was compared to a T\u2010type calcium channel blocker, mibefradil. The pretreatment effect of efonidipine on the contraction of vasoconstrictors was also studied. The Cav1.2 and Cav3.1 protein expression was detected by Western blot.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Efonidipine\u2010induced dose\u2010dependent relaxation in the IMA precontracted with KCl or U46619 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Pretreatment with \u22126.5 log M of efonidipine significantly inhibited the vasoconstriction by KCl (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) or U46619 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). Cav1.2 and Cav3.1 protein expression levels were significantly decreased by efonidipine. The relaxation effect of efonidipine was significantly greater than that of mibefradil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study revealed a significant antispastic effect of efonidipine in the human IMA due to its effect on the expression of L\u2010type (Cav1.2) and T\u2010type (Cav3.1) proteins. The dual effect of efonidipine on both L\u2010 and T\u2010type calcium channels is significantly greater than that of T\u2010type calcium channel blockers. These findings suggest that efonidipine is an effective drug to prevent and treat vasospasm of the IMA during CABG surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T23:54:33Z","timestamp":1751932473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A New Method for Antispastic Effect in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts by Using a L\u2010 and T\u2010Type Calcium Channel Blocker Efonidipine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Xiu\u2010Yun","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department Cardiovascular Surgery &amp; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Fuyang Women and Children's Hospital  Fuyang City Anhui Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai\u2010Tao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department Cardiovascular Surgery &amp; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department Cardiovascular Surgery &amp; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department Cardiovascular Surgery &amp; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo\u2010Wei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department Cardiovascular Surgery &amp; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.05.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.09.071"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"I141","article-title":"Reactivity of Human Isolated Internal Mammary Artery to Constrictor and Dilator Agents. 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