{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:07:47Z","timestamp":1773032867517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lisdexamfetamine (LDX), a prodrug of\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010amphetamine, is widely used in the pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge eating disorder (BED). Chemically, it consists of the amino acid lysine linked to\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010amphetamine. Its enzymatic conversion to\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010amphetamine sets the stage for a prolonged and controlled release, influencing its clinical profile and differentiating it from other stimulant medications. As a central nervous system stimulant, LDX primarily acts by increasing the release of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and noradrenaline, in the brain. Clinically, this enhanced availability of neurotransmitters is believed to contribute to improvements in attention, focus and impulse control in individuals with ADHD. The side effects of LDX include insomnia, decreased appetite, weight loss and xerostomia. This work reviews the pharmacological mechanisms, clinical applications and forensic considerations associated with its use. It is expected that clinicians, researchers and policymakers have a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of LDX.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:54:15Z","timestamp":1758880455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidimensional Evaluation of Lisdexamfetamine: Pharmacology, Therapeutic Use, Toxicity and Forensic Implications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7146-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Silva\u2010Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014IUCS\u2010CESPU  Gandra Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Research Unit on Applied Molecular 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