{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:47:26Z","timestamp":1785401246461,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Propyl gallate (PG), a long\u2010standing synthetic antioxidant, is integral to the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its established effectiveness in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This review synthesizes the evolving scientific narrative of PG, reframing it from a simple preservative to a multifaceted bioactive compound and metabolic precursor. It details PG's physicochemical properties, chain\u2010breaking antioxidant mechanism and applications in advanced active packaging. A central focus is its metabolic fate: PG is rapidly and extensively hydrolyzed to gallic acid (GA) upon ingestion. This transformation is critical, as the systemic biological activities and toxicological profile are largely attributable to its metabolites, positioning PG as a pro\u2010drug. This metabolic context clarifies the historical discrepancy between in\u00a0vitro genotoxicity, driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and its general lack of in\u00a0vivo genotoxicity. The review examines PG's dual bioactivity, where its pro\u2010oxidant potential underlies promising anti\u2010cancer effects via the induction of apoptosis in various cancer cell lines and restores antibiotic efficacy against resistant bacteria. By summarizing current toxicological data, including its role as a contact allergen, this work highlights the urgent need for future research designed to precisely differentiate the in\u00a0vivo activities of PG from GA, enabling a more nuanced understanding of its complex and often paradoxical biological role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T15:25:32Z","timestamp":1764257132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beyond Preservation: Propyl Gallate's Evolving Story as a Metabolic Precursor and Bioactive Compound"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4341-5188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo\u00a0Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School Chonbuk National University  Jeonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129488"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135219"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7815"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210513"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116638"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139627"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.144597"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.144361"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information \u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 4947 Propyl Gallate \u201d (2024) https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Propyl\u2010gallate."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010193p"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.02.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901072t"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129037"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.138291"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf991289a"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0530300"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100536.1987.tb01480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05731"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137647"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050465"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300\u2010483x(84)90074\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4231"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010009\u20100430\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c03759"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2319853"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; 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