{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:01:02Z","timestamp":1792040462137,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Machine learning (ML)\u2013based methods have been proposed as a potential approach for identifying candidate drugs to be repurposed as disease\u2010modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). We applied an ML\u2010based signal detection method to identify drugs associated with PD and evaluated the method's generalizability. An algorithm combining subsampling and lasso logistic regression was implemented in a case\u2013control study of 12\u2009257 PD cases and 81\u2009103 matched controls identified in Finnish registers. Drug exposure was defined at the subgroup and drug substance levels of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, considering the frequency of dispensation over 2\u2009years, starting 10\u2009years before the index date (8\u2010year lag). Three subgroups and two individual drugs were associated with reduced PD risk. Inhalant anticholinergics, in particular tiotropium bromide, showed the most robust signal. Other signals included antimalarial drugs (aminoquinolines) and the antibiotic subgroup lincosamides. Several drugs were associated with increased PD risk, as expected. In addition to direct pharmacological effects, observed associations could be due to treatment of prodromal symptoms of PD, increased comorbidity in individuals later diagnosed with PD or a combination of these factors. These results support the feasibility of the approach. Associations of decreased PD risk observed should be further investigated in view of drug repurposing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T03:46:09Z","timestamp":1769744769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Identifying Drugs Associated With Parkinson's Disease Risk Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6324-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eeva","family":"Pylkk\u00f6","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3018-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9meline","family":"Courtois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High\u2010Dimensional Biostatistics for Drug Safety and Genomics University of Paris\u2010Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, CESP  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0313-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Paakinaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirpa","family":"Hartikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3446-7093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valtteri","family":"Kaasinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Neurocenter Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health University of Paris\u2010Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, CESP  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2651-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u00a0C.\u00a0M.","family":"Thi\u00e9baut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High\u2010Dimensional Biostatistics for Drug Safety and Genomics University of Paris\u2010Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, CESP  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0468-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isma\u00efl","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High\u2010Dimensional Biostatistics for Drug Safety and Genomics University of Paris\u2010Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, CESP  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna\u2010Maija","family":"Tolppanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD\u2010202184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD\u2010240272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S381289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877\u2010021\u201002145\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a663cc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261\u2010019\u201000830\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d55f38"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD\u2010212851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27924"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c34af5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3902"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28484"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.2011.03563.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376\u20108716(91)90044\u2010Y"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Issues in the Clinical Use of Benzodiazepines: Potency, Withdrawal, and Rebound","volume":"65","author":"Chouinard G.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742\u20107843.2009.00494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494812456637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3457"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/781479"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70192","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bcpt.70192","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:36:54Z","timestamp":1773027414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcpt.70192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcpt.70192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.70192","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-7835","1742-7843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-7835","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-7843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70192"}}