{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:15:32Z","timestamp":1773029732203,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a widely used immunosuppressant whose use is often limited by gastrointestinal toxicity. Gut bacterial hydrolysis of liver\u2010derived MPA glucuronides increases local exposure to MPA, potentially impairing epithelial barrier function and cellular metabolism. To explore the effects of MPA on gut barrier integrity and metabolic pathways in gut epithelial cells, Caco\u20102 cells were exposed to MPA (10 or 100\u2009\u03bcM), and barrier function was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and lucifer yellow (LY) permeability in both differentiated and early\u2010stage monolayers, while intracellular metabolic changes were investigated using targeted LC\u2013MS\/MS metabolomics. In differentiated monolayers, MPA did not significantly alter LY transport or TEER measurements. In contrast, MPA exposure during the early stages of monolayer formation reduced TEER values, 3\u2009days after MPA withdrawal (Day 6;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The effects of 100\u2010\u03bcM MPA were still noticeable at Day 10, as confirmed by LY permeability (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Metabolomic profiling clearly separated exposed from control cells (PCA, PC1\u2009+\u2009PC2\u2009=\u200992% variance). At 10 and 100\u2009\u03bcM, 9 and 8 metabolites were significantly altered, with 6 common to both doses. Pathway enrichment revealed perturbations mainly in nucleotide synthesis, consistent with altered metabolic activity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T05:37:48Z","timestamp":1770010668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insights Into Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Metabolic Alterations in Mycophenolate\u2010Induced Enteropathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Clarisse","family":"Brossier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Univ. Limoges Pharmacology &amp; Transplantation, U1248  Limoges France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois\u2010Ludovic","family":"Sauvage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Univ. Limoges Pharmacology &amp; Transplantation, U1248  Limoges France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christel","family":"Valencia\u2010Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strasbourg Integrative Biological Chemistry Platform (PCBIS), UAR 3286 CNRS\u2013University of Strasbourg Strasbourg Institute for drug discovery and development (IMS)  Illkirch France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Calco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strasbourg Integrative Biological Chemistry Platform (PCBIS), UAR 3286 CNRS\u2013University of Strasbourg Strasbourg Institute for drug discovery and development (IMS)  Illkirch France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strasbourg Integrative Biological Chemistry Platform (PCBIS), UAR 3286 CNRS\u2013University of Strasbourg Strasbourg Institute for drug discovery and development (IMS)  Illkirch France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Marquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Univ. 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