{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:19:44Z","timestamp":1777875584517,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Plant extracts are an important raw material for the development of new drugs.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Rumex obtusifolius<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L., popularly known as \u2018bitter dock\u2019, has significant pharmacological properties. This study evaluated the in\u00a0vitro antitrypanosomal activity of aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts from the leaf and roots of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. obtusifolius<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L. against\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as their antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Antitrypanosomal assays were performed using extract concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 2% and analysed by flow cytometry (necrosis). The antimicrobial activity was assessed at 1\u2013100\u2009mg\/mL. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mammalian cells for extracts active against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The hydroethanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited significant anti\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    activity, inducing necrosis rates of 64.6% and 63.7%, respectively. Besides, treatment with the ethanolic leaf extract (2%) of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. obtusifolius<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    reduced cell viability to 14.3% after 24\u2009h, whereas the hydroethanolic extract (2%) exhibited lower cytotoxicity, with cell viability remaining at approximately 65%\u201370%. None of the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. In addition, our findings demonstrate a previously unreported pharmacological property of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. obtusifolius<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    : the antitrypanosomal activity of its hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Nevertheless, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of action and to confirm a possible in\u00a0vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of these extracts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T10:26:26Z","timestamp":1775643986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Antitrypanosomal and Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous, Hydroethanolic and Ethanolic Extracts of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Rumex obtusifolius<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    L. Leaf and Root"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Gabriela\u00a0K.","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CAV) State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC)  Lages Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella\u00a0B.","family":"Das\u00a0Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Production, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CAV) State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC)  Lages Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Reichardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CAV) State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC)  Lages Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ubirajara\u00a0Maciel\u00a0da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CAV) State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC)  Lages Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-0286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz\u00a0C.","family":"Miletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Production, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CAV) State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC)  Lages Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9416-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda\u00a0L.","family":"Bastos\u2010Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CAV) State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC)  Lages Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29374\/2527\u20102179.bjvm001920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255\u20100857.19904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw052"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"An\u00e1lise do Uso e da Resist\u00eancia Bacteriana aos Antimicrobianos em N\u00edvel Hospitalar","volume":"93","author":"Kadosaki L. L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Farm\u00e1cia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/761741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526520666200422111044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47928\/1726\u20109946\u20102024\u201024\u20101\u201049\u201057"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"919","article-title":"Anti\u2010Candida and Antioxidant Activities of Hydroalcohlic Extract of Rumex Obtusifolius Leaves","volume":"32","author":"Bineshian F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070237"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Biological Activity and Food Potential of Plants Rumex crispus L. and Rumex obtusifolius L.: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Bekta\u0161evi\u0107 M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technologica Acta\u2014Scientific\/Professional Journal of Chemistry and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2024.2383201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9755\/EJFA.2019.V31.I4.1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/BCPT.14109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC International","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0308\u20108146(98)00102\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639\u2010014\u20100633\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0103\u201084782005000300038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"EUCAST. (n.d.)EUCAST https:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"BrCAST \u2013 Brazilian Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. n.d.BrCAST https:\/\/brcast.org.br."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"629","article-title":"Assessing the Polyphenolic, Nutritive and Biological Activities of Acetone, Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Rumex sagittatus Thunb","volume":"4","author":"Jimoh F. O.","year":"2010","journal-title":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/abs1002387h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51470\/plantarchives.2021.v21.no1.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201065816\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132912"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i3.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200814118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6825297"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746\u20106148\u201010\u201061\/TABLES\/4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/910308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272\u2010013\u20100055\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2022.2137797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11535\u2010011\u20100066\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13193151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12163008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995\u20107645(10)60004\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/0975\u20106892.2016.00030.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/b254a158-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258211062785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.05421"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.140791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806\u20109061\u20102022\u20101786"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70230","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bcpt.70230","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:03:33Z","timestamp":1777586613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcpt.70230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcpt.70230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.70230","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-7835","1742-7843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-7835","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-7843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70230"}}