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Studies using positron emission tomography (PET imaging) in humans with AUD reported lower levels of NOP receptors compared to controls. Here, uptake of the NOP receptor\u2013selective PET radiotracer [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]NOP\u20101A was measured in monkeys (six males, five females) when ethanol\u2010na\u00efve and again after a 4\u2010month induction procedure plus 6\u2009months of ethanol drinking (22\u2009h\/day, 5\u2009days\/week). Although there were no sex differences in brain uptake of [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]NOP\u20101A before ethanol self\u2010administration, sex differences were observed in relationships between [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]NOP\u20101A uptake and ethanol\u2010related measures. Baseline [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]NOP\u20101A uptake in the orbitofrontal cortex in males and caudate nucleus in females predicted future ethanol intakes. Moreover, chronic ethanol self\u2010administration produced changes in [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]NOP\u20101A uptake in AUD\u2010related brain areas. Increases in uptake were observed in the putamen of both sexes and in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala of males; females showed a decrease in the insula. Changes in [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]NOP\u20101A uptake in the orbitofrontal cortex, putamen and hypothalamus of males and caudate nucleus of females were related to ethanol intake. These results demonstrate bidirectional relationships between brain NOP receptors and ethanol self\u2010administration and provide evidence of subtle sex differences in these interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:48:19Z","timestamp":1786592899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex\u2010Specific Relationships Between Nociceptin\/Orphanin FQ Peptide (NOP) Receptors and Alcohol Drinking: Longitudinal PET Studies in Cynomolgus Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1778-4625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Czoty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina 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