{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:04:34Z","timestamp":1792825474939,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF24SA0093635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF24SA0093635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007290","name":"Det Obelske Familiefond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["69348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Geographic variation in ADHD treatment and diagnosis among children and adolescents is well documented, yet the system\u2010level factors driving such differences remain poorly understood. We examined nationwide patterns of ADHD medication use and diagnoses in Denmark in 2024 and assessed whether municipal socioeconomy, regional hospital waiting times or private child psychiatrist capacity contributed to geographic variation. In this register\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study, we included all Danish residents aged 4\u201317\u2009years using data from national registers. Pharmacological treatment was defined as at least one redeemed prescription for ADHD drugs, and diagnosis was defined as at least one hospital contact with ICD\u201010 codes F90.x\/F98.8. Prevalence was calculated overall and stratified by sex and age, with associations explored using Spearman's rank correlations and regression analyses. ADHD medication prevalence varied sixfold across municipalities (9.6\u201358 per 1000), with parallel variation in diagnoses (15\u201374 per 1000) and the largest differences observed among adolescents. Municipal socioeconomic status was weakly and inversely correlated with medication use (\u03c1\u2009=\u2009\u22120.20,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.049), but not diagnoses. Neither waiting times nor specialist capacity was significantly associated with either outcome. Marked geographic variation in ADHD medication use and diagnoses persists in Denmark despite a uniform healthcare framework, and appears largely unexplained by the system\u2010level factors examined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:21:22Z","timestamp":1788142882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regional Variation in ADHD Treatment and Diagnosis Among Children and Adolescents in Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3907-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Sonne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9314-5679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Potteg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0966-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Sofie Kj\u00e6rgaard","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, North Denmark Region Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3084-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickael","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science and Public Management University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helene","family":"Kildegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Mary Elizabeth's Hospital, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet  Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010026\u201002981\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010025\u201002720\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010022\u201001996\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2023.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4117.1102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Tracking Medicine: A Researcher's Quest to Understand Health Care","author":"Wennberg J. E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61409\/A02240144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"The Municipal Indicators","author":"\u00d8konomi\u2010 og Indenrigsministeriet","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Waiting Times for Hospital Treatment","author":"Sundhedsdatastyrelsen","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"Other Providers in Private Practice","author":"Sundhedsdatastyrelsen","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"The Legal Right to Diagnostic Assessment","author":"Sundhedsdatastyrelsen","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S179083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Denmark: Health System Review","author":"Birk H. O.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","volume-title":"The Bank of Statistic's","author":"Danmarks Statistik","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"Specialty Guideline for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","author":"Sundhedsstyrelsen","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Central Psychiatric Referral Unit","author":"Psykiatrien i Region Midtjylland","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"Analysis of Waiting Times for Practising Psychiatrists and Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists","author":"Sundhedsstyrelsen","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Medstat.dk","author":"Sundhedsdatastyrelsen","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"ICD\u201010: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems : Tenth Revision","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201063342\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild\u20102017\u2010314470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578\u2010015\u20100578\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.9.857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942\u2010015\u20100018\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20109276\u201012\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.8.1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010022\u201002110\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2023.2242029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","volume-title":"The Visualization of \u2018Diagnosis Data From Specialist Practice\u2019","author":"Sundhedsdatastyrelsen","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","volume-title":"Find a Provider","author":"Danske Regioner","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","volume-title":"The Health Workforce Mobility Register","author":"Sundhedsdatastyrelsen","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","volume-title":"The Health\u2010Educated Workforce","author":"Sundhedsdatastyrelsen","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70298","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bcpt.70298","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:50:33Z","timestamp":1790153433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcpt.70298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcpt.70298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.70298","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-7835","1742-7843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-7835","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-7843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70298"}}