{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:41:22Z","timestamp":1792806082410,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Basic Clin Pharma Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We previously proposed stereoselective 5\u2010hydroxy\u2010omeprazole\/omeprazole cut\u2010offs for R\u2010 and S\u2010omeprazole to differentiate between rapid, normal, and poor CYP2C19 metabolisers. However, the performance of these stereoselective CYP2C19 phenotyping approaches has never been compared with conventional racemic omeprazole phenotyping. Therefore, dried blood spots from healthy, genetically predicted rapid (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915), normal (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915), and intermediate (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200914) CYP2C19 metabolisers were stereoselectively reanalysed after administration of omeprazole alone (10\u2009mg) and following CYP2C19 inhibition with voriconazole (400\u2009mg administered prior to omeprazole). Using stereoselective R\u2010, S\u2010, and racemic 5\u2010hydroxy\u2010omeprazole\/omeprazole ratios, CYP2C19 phenotyping performance was assessed by genotype\u2013phenotype concordance and phenoconversion patterns relative to prior reports. An adaptive phenotyping strategy using the 3\u2010h metabolic ratio in individuals with delayed absorption and retaining the 2\u2010h ratio otherwise improved agreement with AUC\u2010based CYP2C19 activity measures (Spearman \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.99 vs. 0.93 and 0.88 for fixed 2\u2010 and 3\u2010h ratios, respectively). Across methods, the racemic approach demonstrated the most favourable overall performance, closely followed by the S\u2010enantiomer\u2013based strategy. In conclusion, while racemic omeprazole phenotyping modestly remains the most accurate strategy for assessing CYP2C19 activity, stereoselective assessment of the S\u2010enantiomer provides an alternative that enables CYP2C19 phenotyping in patients treated with esomeprazole without treatment interruption or substitution with omeprazole.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:44:33Z","timestamp":1792802673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stereoselective Determination of Omeprazole and 5\u2010Hydroxy\u2010Omeprazole in Dried Blood Spots for CYP2C19 Activity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0327-7990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toon","family":"Hectors","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research  Leiden Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology Leiden University Medical Centre  Leiden Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenza","family":"Abouir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Acute Care Medicine Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Varesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martijn L.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research  Leiden Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology Leiden University Medical Centre  Leiden Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7497-5359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Daali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Acute Care Medicine Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Samer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Acute Care Medicine Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100050","article-title":"Appropriate Phenotyping Procedures for Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Humans and Their Simultaneous Use in the \u201cCocktail\u201d Approach","volume":"81","author":"Fuhr U.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030979","article-title":"Phenotyping Indices of CYP450 and P\u2010Glycoprotein in Human Volunteers and in Patients Treated With Painkillers or Psychotropic Drugs","volume":"15","author":"Darnaud L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171161","article-title":"Prediction of Cytochrome P450\u2010Mediated Drug Clearance in Humans Based on the Measured Activities of Selected CYPs","volume":"37","author":"Gao J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioscience Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.122.000883","article-title":"An Improved Method for Cytochrome P450 Reaction Phenotyping Using a Sequential Qualitative\u2010Then\u2010Quantitative Approach","volume":"50","author":"Doran A. C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism and Disposition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-5-200803040-00005","article-title":"Brief Communication: Clinical Implications of Short\u2010Term Variability in Liver Function Test Results","volume":"148","author":"Lazo M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.121.000758","article-title":"Intersystem Extrapolation Factors Are Substrate\u2010Dependent for CYP3A4: Impact on Cytochrome P450 Reaction Phenotyping","volume":"50","author":"Dantonio A. L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism and Disposition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010794233503","article-title":"Methodologies for Investigating Drug Metabolism at the Early Drug Discovery Stage: Prediction of Hepatic Drug Clearance and P450 Contribution","volume":"11","author":"Emoto C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Drug Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.730637","article-title":"CYP450 Genotype\u2013Phenotype Concordance Using the Geneva Micrococktail in a Clinical Setting","volume":"12","author":"Ing Lorenzini K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13050661","article-title":"The Evaluation of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 Phenoconversion in Post\u2010Mortem Casework: The Challenge of Forensic Toxicogenetics","volume":"13","author":"Giorgetti A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113202","article-title":"Drug Metabolic Enzyme Genotype\u2010Phenotype Discrepancy: High Phenoconversion Rate in Patients Treated With Antidepressants","volume":"152","author":"Gloor Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092890","article-title":"Phenoconversion of Cytochrome P450 Metabolism: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Klomp S. D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"The Clinical Safety of Omeprazole","volume":"47","author":"Solvell L.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199512000-00004","article-title":"Use of Omeprazole as a Probe Drug for CYP2C19 Phenotype in Swedish Caucasians: Comparison With S\u2010Mephenytoin Hydroxylation Phenotype and CYP2C19 Genotype","volume":"5","author":"Chang M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04488.x","article-title":"Interphenotype Differences in Disposition and Effect on Gastrin Levels of Omeprazole \u2013 Suitability of Omeprazole as a Probe for CYP2C19","volume":"39","author":"Chang M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(24)15171-9","article-title":"Stereoselective Metabolism of Omeprazole by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes","volume":"28","author":"Abelo A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism and Disposition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.090928","article-title":"Enantiomer\/Enantiomer Interactions Between the S\u2010 and R\u2010Isomers of Omeprazole in Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Major Role of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4","volume":"315","author":"Li X. Q.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14095","article-title":"Improving CYP2C19 Phenotyping Using Stereoselective Omeprazole and 5\u2010Hydroxy\u2010Omeprazole Metabolic Ratios","volume":"135","author":"Abouir K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Omeprazole and Esomeprazole Pathway, Pharmacokinetics","author":"PharmGKB"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2023.123962","article-title":"Stereoselective Separation of Omeprazole and 5\u2010Hydroxy\u2010Omeprazole Using Dried Plasma Spots and a Heart\u2010Cutting 2D\u2010LC Approach for Accurate CYP2C19 Phenotyping","volume":"1232","author":"Abouir K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.8b01179","article-title":"Stereoselective Metabolism of Omeprazole by Cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A4: Mechanistic Insights From DFT Study","volume":"122","author":"Jana K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Chemistry. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.12.004","article-title":"Significance and Challenges of Stereoselectivity Assessing Methods in Drug Metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Shen Z.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12100942","article-title":"Assessing the Potential of Untargeted SWATH Mass Spectrometry\u2010Based Metabolomics to Differentiate Closely Related Exposures in Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Klont F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Drug Development and Drug Interactions|Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers","author":"FDA"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)08409-0","article-title":"Human CYP2C19 Is a Major Omeprazole 5\u2010Hydroxylase, as Demonstrated With Recombinant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes","volume":"24","author":"Karam W. G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism and Disposition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2012.00932.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Prasugrel and Ritonavir in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"112","author":"Ancrenaz V.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37072-7","article-title":"Different Contributions of Cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A4 in the Oxidation of Omeprazole by Human Liver Microsomes: Effects of Contents of These Two Forms in Individual Human Samples","volume":"283","author":"Yamazaki H.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00433-2","article-title":"Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Omeprazole, Pantoprazole and Rabeprazole","volume":"21","author":"Ochoa D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2018.1461835","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors: From CYP2C19 Pharmacogenetics to Precision Medicine","volume":"14","author":"El Rouby N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03104.x","article-title":"Increased Omeprazole Metabolism in Carriers of the CYP2C19*17 Allele; a Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"65","author":"Baldwin R. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3378","article-title":"Phenoconversion Due to Drug\u2013Drug Interactions in CYP2C19 Genotyped Healthy Volunteers","volume":"116","author":"Abouir K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01123-08","article-title":"Comprehensive in Vitro Analysis of Voriconazole Inhibition of Eight Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes: Major Effect on CYPs 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A","volume":"53","author":"Jeong S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1805","article-title":"Effect of Antifungal Drugs on Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 Activities in Human Liver Microsomes","volume":"28","author":"Niwa T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1922-0","article-title":"An Analysis of Allele, Genotype and Phenotype Frequencies, Actionable Pharmacogenomic (PGx) Variants and Phenoconversion in 5408 Australian Patients Genotyped for CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Genes","volume":"126","author":"Mostafa S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.70159","article-title":"BCPT 2026 Policy for Experimental and Clinical Studies","volume":"137","author":"Tveden\u2010Nyborg P.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1973","article-title":"PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2C19","volume":"109","author":"Botton M. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.13.170","article-title":"The Effect of Hematocrit on Bioanalysis of DBS: Results From the EBF DBS\u2010Microsampling Consortium","volume":"5","author":"De Vries R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.83","article-title":"Geneva Cocktail for Cytochrome p450 and P\u2010Glycoprotein Activity Assessment Using Dried Blood Spots","volume":"96","author":"Bosilkovska M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-020-00190-9","article-title":"Relationships Between CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 Metabolic Phenotypes and Genotypes in a Nicaraguan Mestizo Population","volume":"21","author":"De Andr\u00e9s F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2016.0148","article-title":"To Genotype or Phenotype for Personalized Medicine? CYP450 Drug Metabolizing Enzyme Genotype\u2013Phenotype Concordance and Discordance in the Ecuadorian Population","volume":"20","author":"De Andr\u00e9s F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2017.0101","article-title":"CYP450 Genotype\/Phenotype Concordance in Mexican Amerindian Indigenous Populations \u2013 Where to From Here for Global Precision Medicine?","volume":"21","author":"De Andr\u00e9s F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1201906","article-title":"The Impact of CYP2C19 Genotype on Phenoconversion by Concomitant Medication","volume":"14","author":"De Jong L. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.12.001","article-title":"Combination of CYP2C19 Genotype With Non\u2010genetic Factors Evoking Phenoconversion Improves Phenotype Prediction","volume":"70","author":"Kiss \u00c1. F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","volume-title":"The Flockhart Cytochrome P450 Drug\u2010Drug Interaction Table","author":"Flockhart D. A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","volume-title":"Gene\u2010specific information tables for CYP2C19","author":"PharmGKB","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Basic &amp; Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70326","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bcpt.70326","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bcpt.70326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:44:38Z","timestamp":1792802678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcpt.70326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bcpt.70326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.70326","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-7835","1742-7843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-7835","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-7843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70326"}}