{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T08:52:33Z","timestamp":1768726353124,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>Controversy surrounds the diagnostic categorization of children with episodic moods that cause impairment, but do not meet DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content> criteria for bipolar I (BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I) or bipolar II<\/jats:styled-content> (BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content>) disorder. This study aimed to characterize the degree to which these children, who meet criteria for bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content>), are similar to those with full syndromal BD<\/jats:styled-content>, versus those with no bipolar spectrum diagnosis (no BSD<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Children aged 6\u201312\u00a0years were recruited from nine outpatient clinics, preferentially selected for higher scores on a 10\u2010item screen for manic symptoms. Interviews with the children and their primary caregivers assessed a wide array of clinical variables, as well as family history.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 707 children [mean \u00b1 standard deviation (SD) 9.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.9\u00a0years old] were evaluated at baseline, and were diagnosed with BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I (n\u00a0=\u00a071), BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a03), BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content> (including cyclothymia; n\u00a0=\u00a088), or no BSD<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a0545). Compared to BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I, the BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content> group had less severe past functional impairment. However, current symptom severity and functional impairment did not differ between BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content> and BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I, even though both groups were significantly more symptomatic and impaired than the no BSD<\/jats:styled-content> group. Parental psychiatric history was similar for the BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content> and BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I groups, and both were more likely than the no BSD<\/jats:styled-content> group to have a parent with a history of mania. Rates of elated mood did not differ between BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content> and BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I youth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Children with BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content> and BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I are quite similar, but different from the no BSD<\/jats:styled-content> group, on many phenomenological measures. These findings support the hypothesis that BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010NOS<\/jats:styled-content> is on the same spectrum as BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T10:18:35Z","timestamp":1364206715000},"page":"240-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Phenomenology of bipolar disorder not otherwise specified in youth: a comparison of clinical characteristics across the spectrum of manic symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Danella","family":"Hafeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Axelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Demeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Findling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary A","family":"Fristad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Ohio State University Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Kowatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A","family":"Youngstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah McCue","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L Eugene","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Ohio State University Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Behavioral Health and Center for Autism Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neal","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Kay","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica C","family":"Hauser\u2010Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Ohio State University Columbus OH 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