{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:56:34Z","timestamp":1781736994811,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,10]],"date-time":"2013-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with bipolar disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>) have trait\u2010like deficits in attention and working memory (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content>). A fundamental dissociation for most verbal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content> theories involves the separation of sensory\u2010perceptual encoding, reliant upon attention, from the maintenance of this information in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content> proper. The present study examined if patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> demonstrate differential neural changes in encoding and maintenance <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content> processes that underlie cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Event\u2010related functional magnetic resonance imaging during a delayed match\u2010to\u2010sample <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content> paradigm was employed in 23 inter\u2010episode medicated patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> and 23 demographically similar healthy comparison participants. We examined brain regions during encoding and maintenance task intervals to identify regions that demonstrated differential effects between groups. Medication effects and functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia\/thalamus were examined during the encoding interval due to the importance of these regions and the connection among them for encoding into <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> exhibited deficits in task accuracy and attenuated brain response during the encoding interval in areas of the prefrontal cortex, caudate, thalamus, and posterior visual regions. In contrast, patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> exhibited hyperactivation in posterior sensory regions during the maintenance interval. Among the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> group, those with greater medication load exhibited the greatest brain response within the prefrontal cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reduction in activation during the encoding interval suggests that attentional deficits underlie <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content> deficits in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>. These deficits appear to be trait\u2010like in so far as they were observed during periods of euthymia in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>. Medication effects remain to be further explored as there was evidence of prefrontal changes dependent on medication load.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T02:21:53Z","timestamp":1381544513000},"page":"289-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Abnormalities of brain response during encoding into verbal working memory among euthymic patients with bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Benjamin S","family":"McKenna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California at San Diego San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Medical 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