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The key search terms were\n                      <jats:italic>bipolar disorder<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>metabolic syndrome<\/jats:italic>\n                      cross\u2010referenced with\n                      <jats:italic>gender<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>sex<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>obesity<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>diabetes mellitus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>hypertension<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>dyslipidemia<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The search was supplemented with a manual review of relevant article reference lists. Articles selected for review were based on author consensus, the use of a standardized experimental procedure, validated assessment measures, and overall manuscript quality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It is amply documented that adults with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      are affected by the metabolic syndrome at a rate higher than the general population. Women with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , when compared to men with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and individuals of both sexes in the general population, have higher rates of abdominal obesity. The course and clinical presentation of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      manifest differently in men and women, wherein women exhibit a higher frequency of depression predominant illness, a later onset of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , more seasonal variations in mood disturbance, and increased susceptibility to relapse. Phenomenological factors can be expanded to include differences in patterns of comorbidity between the sexes among patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Other factors that contribute to the increased risk for abdominal obesity in female individuals with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      include reproductive life events, anamnestic (e.g., sexual and\/or physical abuse), lifestyle, and iatrogenic.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A confluence of factors broadly categorized as broad\u2010 and sex\u2010based subserve the increased rate of obesity in women with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . It remains a testable hypothesis that the increased abdominal obesity in women with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      mediates the increased\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      from\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . A clinical recommendation that emerges from this review is amplified attention to the appearance, or history, of factors that conspire to increase obesity in female patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T06:15:55Z","timestamp":1383027355000},"page":"83-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sex differences in rates of obesity in bipolar disorder: postulated mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anusha","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies Queen's University Kingston Canada"},{"name":"Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit University Health Network Toronto ON 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