{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:34:54Z","timestamp":1790228094431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients with unipolar psychotic depression (\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder (\n BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). This conversion has important implications for the choice of treatment. This study, therefore, aimed to identify risk factors associated with diagnostic conversion from\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n to\n BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We conducted a population\u2010based, historical prospective cohort study by merging data from Danish registers. Patients assigned an\n ICD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201010 diagnosis of\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2007 were identified in the Danish Central Psychiatric Research Register and were followed until the development of\n BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , death, loss to follow\u2010up, or 31 December 2007. Potential risk factors for conversion to\n BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , also defined through various Danish registers, were tested in multiple logistic regression analyses with risk expressed as adjusted odds ratios (\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We identified 8,588 patients with\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , of whom 609 (7.1%) developed\n BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n during follow\u2010up. The following characteristics were significantly associated with diagnostic conversion from\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n to\n BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n : early onset of\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n [\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.99 (per year of increasing age), p\u00a0=\u00a00.044], recurrent depression [\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.02 (per episode), p\u00a0=\u00a00.036], living alone (\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.29, p\u00a0=\u00a00.007), receiving a disability pension (\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.55, p\u00a0<\u00a00.001), and the highest educational level being a technical education (\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.55, p\u00a0<\u00a00.001), short\u2010cycle higher education (\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a02.65, p\u00a0<\u00a00.001), or medium\u2010cycle higher education (\n AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.75, p\u00a0<\u00a00.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Diagnostic conversion to\n BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n was prevalent among patients with\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . The following characteristics were significantly associated with this conversion: early onset of\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , recurrent depression, living alone, receiving a disability pension, and the highest educational level being a technical education, short\u2010cycle higher education, or medium\u2010cycle higher education.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T02:43:11Z","timestamp":1384224191000},"page":"180-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Risk factors for conversion from unipolar psychotic depression to bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"S\u00f8ren Dinesen","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Psychiatric Research Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Depression Clinical and Research Program Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sune","family":"Straszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Q Aarhus University Hospital\u2013Risskov Risskov Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Petrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zucker Hillside Hospital Northshore\u2013Long Island Jewish Health System Glen Oaks NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Skadhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department M Aarhus University Hospital\u2013Risskov Risskov"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe Olrik Wallenstein","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Psychiatric Research Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Povl","family":"Munk\u2010J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department M Aarhus University Hospital\u2013Risskov Risskov"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmi","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Schizophrenia Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790200015002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770050047007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91411-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90067-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780290058006"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The treatment of psychotic depression","volume":"59","author":"Coryell W","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200112000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.6.733"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00460.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(83)90004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Delusional depression and bipolar spectrum: evidence for a possible association from a family study of children","volume":"1","author":"Weissman MM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(86)90064-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.7.892"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<445::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05311yel"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290050029007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"CD004044","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression","volume":"4","author":"Wijkstra J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.4.430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01464.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1399-5618.2003.00074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970903555881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00887.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00836.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.3.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"338","article-title":"Efficacy of the combination of fluoxetine and perphenazine in the treatment of psychotic depression","volume":"54","author":"Rothschild AJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00889.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01917.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90073-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.113548"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00195-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01539.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00784.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000241193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00139.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610202008517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00788.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.1.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.136.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00877.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2005.00240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.12.2027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.5.457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.060368"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940510032374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395825"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810390728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","volume-title":"Classification of Diseases: Extended Danish\u2010Latin Version of the World Health Organization International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 8th Revision","author":"Danish National Board of Health","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","volume-title":"IDA: An Integrated Database for Labour Market Research [in Danish]","author":"Denmark Statistics","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000130557.08996.7a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X10390438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jaap.1.1985.13.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.3.638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-5-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","first-page":"A457","article-title":"The validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register is good","volume":"60","author":"Uggerby P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dan Med J"}],"container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbdi.12152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bdi.12152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1696325074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bdi.12152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bdi.12152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bdi.12152","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1398-5647","1399-5618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1398-5647","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-5618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]}}}