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Therefore, we sought to identify patients meeting diagnostic criteria for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> among patients with a current diagnosis of recurrent depressive disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDD<\/jats:styled-content>) through the use of the Russian versions of the Hypomania Checklist (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201032) and Bipolarity Index scales for differentiating between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a non\u2010interventional diagnostic study, we selected 409 patients aged between 18 and 65\u00a0years from two medical settings with (i) a current diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDD<\/jats:styled-content>, (ii) an illness duration of at least three\u00a0years, and (iii) at least two affective episodes. The diagnosis was based on clinical assessment and confirmed by the Russian version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. All patients were assessed by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201032, the Bipolarity Index, and the Personal and Social Performance Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among patients with a current diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDD<\/jats:styled-content>, 40.8% had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (bipolar I disorder: 4.9%; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>: 35.9%). The average time lag from onset to a correct diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> was 15\u00a0years and patients were treated only with antidepressants. The sensitivity of the Russian version of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201032 at the optimal cutoff point (\u226514.0) was 83.7%, and its specificity was 71.9%. The Bipolarity Index showed significant differences between the total scores of the patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDD<\/jats:styled-content> (31.8 versus 20.2; p &lt;\u00a00.0001). The optimal threshold was \u226522.0 (sensitivity 73.5%; specificity 72.3%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Russia, diagnostic errors are an important cause of the non\u2010detection of bipolar disorder, particularly <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>. The Russian version of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201032 and the Bipolarity Index, as additional tools, could be useful for bipolarity screening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]],"date-time":"2014-03-03T09:36:07Z","timestamp":1393839367000},"page":"389-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Bipolar <scp>II<\/scp> disorder in patients with a current diagnosis of recurrent depression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sergey","family":"Mosolov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Therapy of Mental Disorders Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ushkalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Therapy of Mental Disorders Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Kostukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Therapy of Mental Disorders Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Shafarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Therapy of Mental Disorders Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Alfimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Therapy of Mental Disorders Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasiya","family":"Kostyukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Therapy of Mental Disorders Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jules","family":"Angst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200321090-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0715"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.3.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7006(11)70048-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1399-5618.2003.00073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800170063009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Bipolar Affective Disorder. 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