{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T22:31:50Z","timestamp":1759530710105},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 12% of patients with bipolar disorder exhibit rapid cycling. The underlying biological mechanisms of this extreme form of bipolar disease are still unknown. This study aimed at replicating and extending findings of our previously published case report, where an involvement of prostaglandin synthesis\u2010related genes in rapid cycling was first proposed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychopathological follow\u2010up of the reported case was performed under cessation of celecoxib treatment. In a prospective observational study, patients with bipolar disorder (n\u00a0=\u00a047; of these, four had rapid cycling) or with monopolar depression (n\u00a0=\u00a097) were recruited over a period of three years. Repeated psychopathology measurements were conducted using standard instruments. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained during as many consecutive episodes as possible and processed for mRNA isolation and quantitative real\u2010time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prostaglandin D2 synthase (<jats:italic>PTGDS<\/jats:italic>), aldo\u2010ketoreductase family 1, member C3 (<jats:italic>AKR1C3<\/jats:italic>), cyclooxygenase\u20102 (PAN means all splice variants) (<jats:italic>COX2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>PAN<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), prostaglandin\u2010endoperoxide synthase 2 (<jats:italic>PTGS2<\/jats:italic>), and purinergic receptor P2X, ligand\u2010gated ion channel 7 (<jats:italic>P2RX7<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The follow\u2010up of our original case of a patient with rapid cycling who had shown impressive psychopathological improvement under celecoxib revealed complete loss of this effect upon discontinuation of the COX2 inhibitor. Episode\u2010specific gene expression measurements in PBMC of four newly recruited rapid cycling patients confirmed the higher expression of <jats:italic>PTGDS<\/jats:italic> in depressive compared to manic phases. Additionally, higher relative expression of <jats:italic>PTGS2\/COX2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>PAN<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> was found. No comparable alterations were observable in samples available from the remaining 43 patients with bipolar disorder and the 97 monopolar depressed patients, emphasizing the advantages of the rapid cycling condition with its rapid and frequent shifts for identification of gene expression changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study supports a role for prostaglandins in rapid cycling and advocates the cyclooxygenase cascade as a treatment target in this condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T11:42:46Z","timestamp":1403696566000},"page":"881-888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A role for prostaglandins in rapid cycling suggested by episode\u2010specific gene expression shifts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a preliminary report"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Artem","family":"Gurvich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Begemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine"},{"name":"DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liane","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derya","family":"Sargin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamilla","family":"Miskowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Copenhagen Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannelore","family":"Ehrenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine"},{"name":"DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n1213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"American Psychiatric Association. 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