{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1773916436246,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polyuria increases the risk of dehydration and lithium toxicity in lithium\u2010treated patients. Risk factors have been inconsistently described and the variance of this adverse effect remains poorly understood. This study aimed to establish independent risk factors for polyuria in a community, secondary\u2010level lithium\u2010treated sample of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross\u2010sectional study of the lithium\u2010treated patients attending a general adult and an old age psychiatry service. Participants completed a 24\u2010hour urine collection. Urine volume and the presence of polyuria were the outcomes of interest. The relationship between outcome and the participant's demographic and clinical characteristics was explored with univariable and multivariable analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 122 participants were included in the analysis, with 38% being diagnosed with polyuria. Female gender and increased body weight independently predicted the presence of polyuria (standardized regression coefficient 1.01 and 0.94, respectively; p\u00a0=\u00a00.002 and p\u00a0=\u00a00.003, respectively). Female gender and increased body weight, lithium dose, and duration of lithium treatment independently predicted higher 24\u2010hour urine volumes (standardized regression coefficients 0.693, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0005; 0.791, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0005; 0.276, p\u00a0=\u00a00.043; 0.181, p\u00a0=\u00a00.034, respectively). Of three different weight metrics, lean body weight was the most predictive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female gender and increased body weight explain part of the variance of this adverse effect. Both risk factors offer fresh insights into the pathophysiology of this potentially reversible and dangerous adverse effect of lithium treatment. Future research should focus on understanding the differences between the genders and between different body compositions in terms of lithium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T08:43:18Z","timestamp":1406623398000},"page":"50-62","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Risk factors for polyuria in a cross\u2010section of community psychiatric lithium\u2010treated patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"James Conor","family":"Kinahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science Department of Adult Psychiatry University College Dublin Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aoife","family":"NiChorcorain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Cork University Hospital Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's University Hospital Elm Park, Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aideen","family":"Freyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's University Hospital Elm Park, Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colm","family":"Cooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's University Hospital Elm Park, Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluain Mhuire Centre Blackrock, Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan D","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science Department of Adult Psychiatry University College Dublin Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.043133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412437346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfk029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105057515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199003000-00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1973.03650120081015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Kidney damage in long\u2010term lithium patients: a cross\u2010sectional study of patients with 15 years or more on lithium","volume":"9","author":"Bendz H","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(87)80098-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920030-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1979.tb00559.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02534.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1345","article-title":"The pattern of polyuria in relation to duration of lithium treatment","volume":"19","author":"DePaulo JR","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.4.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"519","article-title":"Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of spontaneous reports","volume":"155","author":"Liu BA","year":"1996","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"S208","article-title":"Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: revisiting a classical endocrine disorder","volume":"15","author":"Pillai BP","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"UpToDate","author":"Bichet D","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"UpToDate","author":"Bichet D","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"754","volume-title":"Hyperosmolal States \u2013 Hypernatremia. 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