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Other definitions have conceptualized the term <jats:italic>soft bipolar spectrum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>) for these individuals. Little is known about the cognitive profiles of individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>. We hypothesized that they are representative of individuals with bipolar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> disorder and are different from that of \u2018strict\u2019 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consecutive referrals suffering major depressive episodes were categorically assigned to groups of either bipolar I disorder (n\u00a0=\u00a098), bipolar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> disorder (n\u00a0=\u00a0138), or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UP<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0=\u00a0300). Based on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> criteria by Akiskal and Pinto (17), patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UP<\/jats:styled-content> were subdivided into 81 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> and 219 strict <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UP<\/jats:styled-content>. We administered self\u2010 and clinician\u2010administered scales to evaluate affective temperaments, and neuropsychological tests to assess seven cognitive domains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> performed significantly better than strict <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UP<\/jats:styled-content> patients in the domains of processing speed (p\u00a0=\u00a00.002), visual\u2010spatial memory (p\u00a0=\u00a00.017), and verbal working memory (p\u00a0=\u00a00.017). Compared to patients with bipolar I disorder, patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly better in set shifting (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and visual\u2010spatial memory (p\u00a0=\u00a00.042). Patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> performed similarly to patients with bipolar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> disorder in all of the cognitive domains tested (p\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). There was a group\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0cognitive domain interaction effect between bipolar I disorder, bipolar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> disorder, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>, and strict <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UP<\/jats:styled-content> groups [Pillai's <jats:italic>F\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>2.231, df\u00a0=\u00a0(18,1437), p\u00a0=\u00a00.002].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggest that patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> differ from patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UP<\/jats:styled-content> not only in external validators (e.g., family history of bipolar disorder) and hypomanic symptoms, but also in neuropsychological performance and that the profiles of cognitive functioning were different across bipolar I disorder and \u2018bipolar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> spectrum\u2019 that subsumes bipolar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> disorder and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T09:57:40Z","timestamp":1406023060000},"page":"194-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neuropsychological performance of patients with soft bipolar spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kangguang","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience The University of Hong 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