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Given the scarcity of adequate data on its prenatal toxicity, a comparative teratogenicity study of valnoctamide and two of the most commonly used drugs to treat bipolar disorder, risperidone and olanzapine, was carried out in a mouse model system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant dams were treated with the aforementioned three drugs at the dose levels calculated as an equal proportion of the respective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LD<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of these drugs. The main reproductive indices examined included the numbers of implantations and resorptions, viable and dead fetuses, and fetal gross, visceral and skeletal abnormalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The outcomes of the present study indicated that olanzapine was the most teratogenic of the three drugs, inducing maternal\u2010, embryo\u2010, and fetotoxicity. Risperidone also exerted a significant prenatal toxicity, but its adverse effect was less pronounced than that induced by olanzapine. Valnoctamide did not show any teratogenic effect, even when used in relatively higher dosages than olanzapine and risperidone. The observed increased skeletal abnormalities in one of the valnoctamide treatment groups were nonspecific and, as such, signaled a modest developmental delay rather than an indication that the compound could induce structural malformations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Under our experimental conditions, valnoctamide demonstrated the lowest prenatal toxicity of the three tested drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T13:05:18Z","timestamp":1440075918000},"page":"615-625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Comparative teratogenicity analysis of valnoctamide, risperidone, and olanzapine in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bogdan J","family":"Wlodarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences Dell Pediatric Research Institute The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystal","family":"Ogle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences Dell Pediatric Research Institute The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences Dell Pediatric Research Institute The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meir","family":"Bialer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research Faculty of Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard H","family":"Finnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences Dell Pediatric Research Institute The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Dell Pediatric Research Institute The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199120020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"A clinical study on the use of valmethamide, an anxiety\u2010reducing drug","volume":"2","author":"Stepansky W","year":"1960","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2006.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12290"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80517-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420350319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Valproic acid teratogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Nau H","year":"1987","journal-title":"ISI Atlas Sci Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101287200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(97)00095-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"402","article-title":"Effect of valproate derivatives on human brain myoinositol\u20101\u2010phosphate (MIP) synthase activity and amphetamine\u2010induced rearing","volume":"59","author":"Shaltiel G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467210902020207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00828.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70107-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) website: EMA\/612389\/2014.PRAC Recommends Strengthening the Restrictions on the Use of Valproate in Women and Girls. 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