{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:56:42Z","timestamp":1787918202574,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,7]],"date-time":"2015-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disruptions in sleep and dysregulation in circadian functioning may represent core abnormalities in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>). However, it is not clear whether these dysfunctions are <jats:italic>state<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>trait<\/jats:italic> markers of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>. This report compared sleep and circadian phenotypes among three groups: offspring of parents with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> at intake (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OB<\/jats:styled-content>; n = 47), offspring of parents with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> at intake (non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OB<\/jats:styled-content>; n = 386), and offspring of matched control parents who did not have <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> (controls; n = 301). We also examined the association of baseline sleep parameters with subsequent development of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> among the non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OB<\/jats:styled-content> group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study youth (ages 6\u201318 years) and their parents completed assessments every two years pertaining to the child's sleep and circadian phenotypes and current psychopathology. Mixed\u2010effects models examined differences in baseline sleep and circadian variables among the three groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OB<\/jats:styled-content> offspring who were in a mood episode differed significantly on sleep parameters from the non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OB<\/jats:styled-content> and the offspring of controls, such as having inadequate sleep. Mixed logistic regression procedures showed that baseline sleep and circadian variables, such as frequent waking during the night, significantly predicted the development of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> among non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OB<\/jats:styled-content> over longitudinal follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While lifetime diagnostic status accounted for differences among the groups in sleep and circadian disturbances, psychopathology explained the differences even further. Additionally, sleep disturbance may be a prognostic indicator of the development of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> in high\u2010risk youth. Future studies are required to further disentangle whether sleep and circadian disruption are state or trait features of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,8]],"date-time":"2015-11-08T19:44:25Z","timestamp":1447011865000},"page":"836-848","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Differences in sleep disturbances among offspring of parents with and without bipolar disorder: association with conversion to bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jessica C","family":"Levenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Axelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute and The Ohio 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