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However, whether cortical inhibitory deficits are trait\u2010 or state\u2010dependent impairments is not yet known and their relationship with psychiatric symptoms is not yet understood. In the present study, we examined trait\u2010 and state\u2010dependent cortical inhibitory deficits and evaluated the potential clinical significance of these deficits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen patients with bipolar I disorder were evaluated using the paired\u2010pulse transcranial stimulation protocol, which assessed cortical inhibition during an acute manic episode. Cortical inhibition measures were compared with those obtained in 28 demographically matched healthy controls. A follow\u2010up assessment was performed in 15 of these patients three months later, when there was remission from their mood and psychotic symptoms. The association between cortical inhibitory measures and severity of psychiatric symptoms was also studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During mania, patients showed decreased short\u2010interval intracortical and transcallosal inhibition, as well as a normal cortical silent period and long\u2010interval cortical inhibition. These findings were the same during euthymia. Symptoms associated with motor hyperactivity were correlated negatively with the degree of cortical inhibition. These correlations were not significant when a Bonferroni correction was applied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present longitudinal study showed cortical inhibitory deficits in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>, and supports the hypothesis that cortical inhibitory deficits in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> are trait dependent. Further research is necessary to confirm the clinical significance of these deficits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T12:45:13Z","timestamp":1458737113000},"page":"261-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Trait\u2010 and state\u2010dependent cortical inhibitory deficits in bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ruiz\u2010Veguilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Neurodesarrollo y Psicosis Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla\/UGC Salud Mental HVR Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurofisiolog\u00eda 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Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurofisiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Perona\u2010Garcel\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Neurodesarrollo y Psicosis Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla\/UGC Salud Mental HVR Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Testal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Neurodesarrollo y Psicosis Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla\/UGC Salud Mental HVR Seville Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de 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