{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:58:13Z","timestamp":1790377093977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]],"date-time":"2016-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BP) may experience hippocampal atrophy. Lithium exposure has been associated with increased hippocampal volumes. However, its effects on hippocampal subfields remain to be clarified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the effects of short\u2010 and long\u2010term lithium exposure on the hippocampus and its subfields in patients affected by bipolar I disorder (BP\u2010I). Hippocampal subfields and total hippocampal volumes were measured in 60 subjects divided into four groups: 15 patients with BP\u2010I who were never exposed to lithium [no\u2010exposure group (NE)], 15 patients with BP\u2010I exposed to lithium for &lt; 24 months [short\u2010exposure group (SE)], 15 patients with BP\u2010I exposed to lithium for &gt; 24 months [long\u2010exposure group (LE)], and 15 healthy control subjects (HC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The SE and NE groups showed smaller total hippocampal volumes and smaller bilateral cornu ammonis CA2\u20103, CA4\u2010dentate gyrus (DG), presubiculum, and subiculum volumes compared with HC. The LE group showed larger total hippocampal volumes and bilateral CA2\u20103, left CA4\u2010DG, left presubiculum, and right subiculum volumes compared with the NE group, and larger volumes of the right CA2\u20103, left CA4\u2010DG, left presubiculum, and right subiculum compared with the SE group. No differences were found between the LE group and HC or between the SE and NE groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term, but not short\u2010term, exposure to lithium treatment may exert neuroprotective effects on specific hippocampal subfields linked to disease progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]],"date-time":"2016-05-30T12:07:49Z","timestamp":1464610069000},"page":"352-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Hippocampal subfield volumes in short\u2010 and long\u2010term lithium\u2010treated patients with bipolar I disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs) Sapienza University of Rome School of Medicine and Psychology Sant'Andrea Hospital Italy 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