{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T23:12:27Z","timestamp":1781478747390,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004954","name":"Augustinus Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\u20105015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\u20105015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase\u20103\u03b2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>3\u03b2) is involved in the mechanisms of action of lithium and may play a role in relation to affective states in bipolar disorder. The objectives of the present study were to compare the activity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2 (measured as levels of phosphorylated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2 [p\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2]) between patients with bipolar disorder in the euthymic state and healthy control subjects, and to investigate whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2 activity varies with affective states in patients with bipolar I disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a prospective 6\u201312\u2010month follow\u2010up study, we investigated state\u2010specific, intraindividual alterations in the activity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2 in 60 patients with bipolar I disorder with an acute severe manic index episode and in subsequent euthymic, depressive and manic states and compared this with repeated measurements in healthy control subjects. Data were analyzed using linear mixed\u2010effects models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From baseline to the end of follow\u2010up, blood samples were drawn from the 60 patients during 181 affective states, comprising 60 manic, 11 mixed, 23 depressive, and 87 states of euthymia. A total of 69 blood samples were drawn from 35 healthy control subjects, with two samples from the same subject taken three months apart. In mixed\u2010model analysis, p\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2 was decreased in the euthymic state of subjects with bipolar disorder compared with healthy control subjects (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>=0.63, 95% confidence interval [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>]: 0.42\u20130.96, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.03). In addition, p\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2 varied with affective states, being increased in depressive (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>=1.68, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.08\u20132.62, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.02) and mixed (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>=2.07, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.12\u20133.84, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.02) states but not in mania compared with euthymia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The activity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103\u03b2 is altered in euthymic bipolar disorder compared with healthy control subjects and varies with affective states.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,22]],"date-time":"2016-06-22T15:20:56Z","timestamp":1466608856000},"page":"334-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Glycogen synthase kinase\u20103\u03b2 in patients with bipolar I disorder: results from a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Anne S","family":"Jacoby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Center Copenhagen Rigshospitalet and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6437-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Munkholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Center Copenhagen Rigshospitalet and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen 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