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However, more rigorous control of confounding factors is needed to obtain further support for this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was to assess differences in brain volumes among long\u2010term lithium\u2010treated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I patients, unmedicated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I patients, and healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross\u2010sectional study with 32 euthymic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I patients (16 on lithium monotherapy for a mean of 180\u00a0months, and 16 receiving no medication for at least the 2\u00a0months prior to the study) and 20 healthy controls. Patients were euthymic (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDRS<\/jats:styled-content>] &lt;6 and Young Mania Rating Scale [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YMRS<\/jats:styled-content>] &lt;7) and had not taken psychotropic medications other than lithium for at least 6\u00a0months. Brain images were acquired on a 1.5 Tesla <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> (Phillips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and segmented to generate volumetric measures of cortical and subcortical brain areas, ventricles and global brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences were found in the volumes of the left amygdala (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.0003), right amygdala (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.030), left hippocampus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.022), left thalamus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.022), and right thalamus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.019) in long\u2010term lithium\u2010treated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I patients, compared to unmedicated patients and controls, after multivariable adjustment. No differences were observed in global brain volume or in ventricular size among the three groups. Likewise, there was no correlation between serum lithium levels and the increase in size in the described brain areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The structural differences found among the three groups, and specifically those between long\u2010term lithium\u2010treated and unmedicated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I patients, indicate increased limbic structure volumes in lithium\u2010treated patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T05:32:40Z","timestamp":1488173560000},"page":"41-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Increased hippocampal, thalamus and amygdala volume in long\u2010term lithium\u2010treated bipolar I disorder patients compared with unmedicated patients and healthy 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