{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:55:10Z","timestamp":1777564510258,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH059929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH059929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH059691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH059691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH059977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH059977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is substantial interest in delineating the course of cognitive functioning in bipolar (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>) youth. However, there are no longitudinal studies aimed at defining subgroups of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>youth based on their distinctive cognitive trajectories and their associated clinical variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive functioning was measured in 135 participants from the Course and Outcome of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>Youth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COBY<\/jats:styled-content>) study using several subtests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CANTAB<\/jats:styled-content>). Youth were prospectively evaluated three times on average every 13.75\u00a0months over 2.5\u00a0years. Clinical and functional outcomes were assessed using the Longitudinal Interval Follow\u2010Up Evaluation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LIFE<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latent class growth analysis identified three longitudinal patterns of cognitive functioning based on a general cognitive index: class 1, \u201cpersistently high\u201d (N=21; 15.6%); class 2, \u201cpersistently moderate\u201d (N=82; 60.74%); and class 3, \u201cpersistently low\u201d (N=32; 23.7%). All classes showed normal cognitive functioning when compared with the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CANTAB<\/jats:styled-content>normative data. After adjustment for confounders, youth from class 3 had a significantly greater percentage of time with overall, manic, and depressive syndromal symptoms than youth in the other two classes. Also, after adjustment for confounders, youth from class 3 had significantly poorer global, academic, and social functioning than youth from class 1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>youth showed normal overall cognitive functioning that remained stable during the follow\u2010up within each class. However, 24% of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>youth showed poorer cognitive functioning than the other<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>youth. This subgroup had poorer mood course and functioning, and may benefit from cognitive remediation and early management with evidence\u2010based pharmacological treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T11:36:51Z","timestamp":1498563411000},"page":"273-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Longitudinal cognitive trajectories and associated clinical variables in youth with bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7123-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Fr\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Outpatient Mental Health Center Consorci Sanitari del Maresme Matar\u00f3 Spain"},{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel P","family":"Dickstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Merranko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Kay","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina R","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0340-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin I","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Hower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danella M","family":"Hafeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangzi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5895-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasim","family":"Diler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Axelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Strober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences David Geffen School of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey I","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neal D","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin B","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Birmaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285291500036X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318196b907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000106735"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0769-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-7-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181987730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132147","article-title":"Neuropsychological syndromes associated with Alzheimer's\/vascular dementia: a latent class analysis","volume":"42","author":"Libon DJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08101569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.7.675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Four\u2010factor Index of Social Status","author":"Hollingshead A","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00030-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(95)71666-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322724850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300064008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826AN0704_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","volume-title":"Conners\u2019 Continuous Performance test II: Computer Program for Windows Technical Guide and Software Manual","author":"Conners CK","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-015-0625-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"540843","article-title":"Influence of different cut\u2010off values on the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2011","author":"Liepelt\u2010Scarfone I","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.12.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0605-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12358"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.20309.x"}],"container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbdi.12510","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bdi.12510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:48:01Z","timestamp":1719276481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bdi.12510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bdi.12510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bdi.12510","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1398-5647","1399-5618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1398-5647","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-5618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}}}