{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:58:44Z","timestamp":1792112324451,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007048","name":"Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Health disparities between individuals of African and European ancestry are well documented. The disparities in bipolar disorder may be driven by racial bias superimposed on established factors contributing to misdiagnosis, including: evolving empirically based diagnostic criteria (International Classification of Diseases [\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ], Research Diagnostic Criteria [\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ] and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ]), multiple symptom domains (i.e. mania, depression and psychosis), and multimodal medical and additional psychiatric comorbidity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this paper, we reviewed the phenomenological differences between bipolar individuals of African and European ancestry in the context of diagnostic criteria and clinical factors that may contribute to a potential racial bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Published data show that bipolar persons of African ancestry, compared with bipolar persons of non\u2010African ancestry, are more often misdiagnosed with a disease other than bipolar disorder (i.e. schizophrenia). Additionally, studies show that there are disparities in recruiting patients of African ancestry to participate in important genomic studies. This gap in biological research in this underrepresented minority may represent a missed opportunity to address potential racial differences in the risk and course of bipolar illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A concerted effort by the research community to increase inclusion of diverse persons in studies of bipolar disorder through community engagement may facilitate fully addressing these diagnostic and treatment disparities in bipolar individuals of African ancestry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T02:41:01Z","timestamp":1520822461000},"page":"506-514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Racial disparities in bipolar disorder treatment and research: a call to action"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Margaret O","family":"Akinhanmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna M","family":"Biernacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Psychology Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M","family":"Strakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin  Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lindner Center of HOPE  Mason OH USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce E","family":"Balls Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Center for Clinical &amp; Translational Science (CCaTS)  Rochester MN USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R","family":"Merikangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIMH Intramural Program Genetic Epidemiology Branch  Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shervin","family":"Assari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin G","family":"McInnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG) University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"LeBoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Mondor Hospital Universit\u00e9 Paris Est, AP\u2010HP  Cr\u00e9teil, Paris France"},{"name":"Inser U955 Institute for Biomedical Research Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine  Cr\u00e9teil, Paris  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Tamminga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwestern Department of Psychiatry University of Texas  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christi","family":"Patten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; 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