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However, knowledge is scarce about the interactions between childhood maltreatment and underlying genetic vulnerability on the clinical expression of BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assigned a BD\u2010polygenic risk score (BD\u2010PRS), calculated from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, to each individual in a sample of 402 cases with BD. The lifetime clinical expression of BD was characterized using structured interviews and patients completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) to assess the severity of childhood maltreatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cases who reported more severe childhood maltreatment had a lower BD\u2010PRS (rho\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.12,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.01), especially when considering emotional abuse (rho\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.16,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.001). An interaction between BD\u2010PRS and childhood maltreatment was observed for the risk of rapid cycling (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.01). No further interactions between BD\u2010PRS and childhood maltreatment were observed for other clinical characteristics (age at onset, suicide attempts, number of mood episodes, mixed features, substance use disorders and psychotic symptoms).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study is the first to show that less genetic risk may be needed to develop a more unstable form of BD when exposed to childhood maltreatment. Our study supports childhood trauma as an independent risk factor for BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T22:59:55Z","timestamp":1571439595000},"page":"174-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Childhood maltreatment and polygenic risk in bipolar disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Aas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bellivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot Paris France"},{"name":"INSERM U1144 Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie de Paris Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"AP\u2010HP, GH Saint\u2010Louis \u2010 Lariboisi\u00e8re \u2010 F. 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