{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:34:43Z","timestamp":1783661683176,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The existence of anatomofunctional brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD) is now well established by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. To create diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as identifying biologically valid subtypes of BD, research has recently turned towards the use of machine learning (ML) techniques. We assessed both supervised ML and unsupervised ML studies in BD to evaluate their robustness, reproducibility and the potential need for improvement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We systematically searched for studies using ML algorithms based on MRI data of patients with BD until February 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 47 studies, 45 using supervised ML techniques and 2 including unsupervised ML analyses. Among supervised studies, 43 focused on diagnostic classification. The reported accuracies for classification of BD ranged between (a) 57% and 100%, for BD vs healthy controls; (b) 49.5% and 93.1% for BD vs patients with major depressive disorder; and (c) 50% and 96.2% for BD vs patients with schizophrenia. Reported accuracies for discriminating subjects genetically at risk for BD (either from control or from patients with BD) ranged between 64.3% and 88.93%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although there are strong methodological limitations in previous studies and an important need for replication in large multicentric samples, the conclusions of our review bring hope of future computer\u2010aided diagnosis of BD and pave the way for other applications, such as treatment response prediction. To reinforce the reliability of future results we provide methodological suggestions for good practice in conducting and reporting MRI\u2010based ML studies in BD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T14:59:49Z","timestamp":1582901989000},"page":"334-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Will machine learning applied to neuroimaging in bipolar disorder help the clinician? A critical review and methodological suggestions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Laurie\u2010Anne","family":"Claude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"APHP Mondor University Hospitals DMU IMPACT Psychiatry and Addictology, UPEC Cr\u00e9teil France"},{"name":"Neurospin CEA Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay Gif\u2010sur\u2010Yvette France"},{"name":"INSERM Unit U955 IMRB Team 15, \u201cNeurotranslational Psychiatry\u201d Cr\u00e9teil France"},{"name":"FondaMental Foundation Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josselin","family":"Houenou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APHP Mondor University Hospitals DMU IMPACT Psychiatry and Addictology, UPEC Cr\u00e9teil France"},{"name":"Neurospin CEA Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay Gif\u2010sur\u2010Yvette France"},{"name":"INSERM Unit U955 IMRB Team 15, \u201cNeurotranslational Psychiatry\u201d Cr\u00e9teil France"},{"name":"FondaMental Foundation Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Duchesnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurospin CEA Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay Gif\u2010sur\u2010Yvette France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Favre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurospin CEA Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay Gif\u2010sur\u2010Yvette France"},{"name":"INSERM Unit U955 IMRB Team 15, \u201cNeurotranslational Psychiatry\u201d Cr\u00e9teil France"},{"name":"FondaMental Foundation Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"S85","article-title":"Bipolar disorder\u2013costs and comorbidity","volume":"11","author":"Hirschfeld RMA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01830.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13081008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2012.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018180958"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0354-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00549-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12828"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Machine Learning 2e","author":"Alpaydin E","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Machine Learning with Python","author":"M\u00fcller AC","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400874668"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-013-9204-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01046218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00195-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.024026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2358"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.546"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.167882"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2711"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using structural MRI to identify bipolar disorders\u201413 site machine learning study in 3020 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorders Working Group","author":"Nunes A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0225-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/706157"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.122838"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12752"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-016-1159-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-012-0329-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAMD.2015.2440298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0685-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12446"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Discriminating bipolar disorder from major depression based on kernel SVM using functional independent components","author":"Gao S","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2080679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20463"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CACS.2017.8284247"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-03992-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12507"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050698"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-40"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1702071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0241-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30037-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2467"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66179-7_59"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2366792"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2749140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0178-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.07m03745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.333"}],"container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbdi.12895","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bdi.12895","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bdi.12895","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bdi.12895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T03:22:13Z","timestamp":1693970533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bdi.12895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bdi.12895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bdi.12895","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1398-5647","1399-5618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1398-5647","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-5618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}