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In women with bipolar disorder, lithium is often effective during postpartum period, but breast\u2010feeding for medicated mothers is controversial because of harmful effects for her child. At present, the biological mechanisms of lithium are not well\u2010understood, affecting its usage and overall health implications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed a rat lithium and breast\u2010feeding model at human therapeutic levels to study the effects of lithium exposure through breast\u2010milk on pups\u2019 thyroid function. Novel laser analytical spectroscopy, along with traditional blood and immunohistochemical tests, were applied to further investigate the mechanisms behind the thyroid dysfunction. Maternal iodine supplementation was evaluated as a therapeutic method to address the pups\u2019 thyroid dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pups exposed to lithium via breastmilk, even with the dam on a sub\u2010therapeutic level, experienced weight gain, reduced blood thyroxine (T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), and elevated blood urea nitrogen, indicating effects on thyroid and kidney function. We show that lithium inhibited iodine uptake by thyroid follicles, initiating a mechanism that reduced iodination of tyrosine, thyroglobulin cleavage, and thyroid hormone production. Importantly, infant thyroid function can be significantly improved by administering supplementary iodine to the medicated dam's diet during breast\u2010feeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results elucidate the mechanisms of lithium in thyroid function, provide valuable information on use postpartum, and suggest a clinically applicable remedy to side\u2010effects. The results are particularly important for patients (and their infants) who respond well to lithium and need, or choose, to breast\u2010feed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T01:04:06Z","timestamp":1611882246000},"page":"615-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lithium from breast\u2010milk inhibits thyroid iodine uptake and hormone production, which are remedied by maternal iodine supplementation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Sukkur IBA University Sukkur Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shehzad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santosh Kumar","family":"Paidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis A. 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