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The mothers were healthy rats administered lithium via gavage (1000\u2009mg\/day Li<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> per 50\u2009kg body weight).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lithium was detected in the breast milk, and in the blood of pups (0.08\u2009mM), of lithium\u2010exposed dams at post\u2010natal day 18 (P18), during breast\u2010feeding. No lithium was detected after breast\u2010feeding, at P25 (4\u2009days after cessation of nursing). The lithium pups blood had elevated urea nitrogen at P18 and reduced total T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> at P18 and P25, indicating a longer\u2010term effect on the kidneys and the thyroid gland. Multivariate machine\u2010learning analysis of spectroscopy data collected from the excised kidneys of pups showed elevated potassium in lithium\u2010exposed animals both during\u2010 and after breast\u2010feeding. The elevated renal potassium was associated with low nephrin expression in the kidneys measured immunohistochemically during breast\u2010feeding. After lithium exposure is stopped, the filtration of lithium from the kidneys reverses these effects. Our study showed that breastfeeding during lithium use has an effect on the kidneys of the offspring in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T13:35:12Z","timestamp":1669037712000},"page":"56-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lithium in breast milk transiently affects the renal electrolytic balance of infants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Sukkur IBA University  Sukkur Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shehzad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Magsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Sukkur IBA University  Sukkur Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renardi","family":"Gunawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul\u2010Mojeed Olabisi","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro\u2010Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE)  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Department of Physics Federal University Oye\u2010Ekiti  Ekiti State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najeeb ur Rehman","family":"Lashari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Physics and Atmospheric Sciences Jackson State University  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Wassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration Sukkur IBA University  Sukkur Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Paidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Department of Mechanical Engineering  Baltimore Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan W. 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