{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:50:02Z","timestamp":1792633802901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2050702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2050702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bipolar disorders are clinically complex, chronic and recurrent disorders. Few treatment options are effective across hypomanic, manic, depressive and mixed states and as continuation or maintenance treatment after initial symptom remission. The aim of this review was to provide an up\u2010to\u2010date overview of research on the efficacy, tolerability and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      References included in this review were identified through multiple searches of the Embase,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PubMed<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APA PsycINFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      electronic databases for articles published from inception until February 2022. Published reviews, meta\u2010analyses, randomised controlled trials and recent studies were prioritised to provide a comprehensive and up\u2010to\u2010date overview of research on brain stimulation in patients with bipolar disorders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence base for brain stimulation as an add\u2010on or alternative to pharmacological and psychological treatments in patients with bipolar disorders is limited but rapidly expanding. Brain stimulation treatments represent an opportunity to treat all bipolar disorder states, including cognitive dysfunction during euthymic periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whilst findings to date have been encouraging, larger randomised controlled trials with long\u2010term follow\u2010up are needed to clarify important questions regarding treatment efficacy and tolerability, the frequency of treatment\u2010emergent affective switches and effects on cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T08:11:45Z","timestamp":1671005505000},"page":"9-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Brain stimulation treatment for bipolar 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