{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:07:13Z","timestamp":1792112833472,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008586","name":"Stiftelsen Professor Bror Gadelius Minnesfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009802","name":"Stiftelsen S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m K\u00f6nigska Sjukhemmet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004348","name":"Stockholms L\u00e4ns Landsting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if long\u2010term lithium treatment is associated with protective effects or increased risk of vascular, neurological, and renal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using nationwide registers, we included all citizens of Finland with dispensations of lithium for three or more consecutive years between 1995 and 2016. We identified 9698 cases and matched 96,507 controls without lithium treatment. Studied outcomes were vascular, neurological, renal disorders, and suicide. Analyses were performed applying Cox proportional hazards modeling in full cohort and in further subcohort analysis of individuals with a comparable diagnosis of mood or psychotic disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lithium users had a significantly higher overall disease burden compared to matched population controls, including a higher risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders and dementia. However, compared to individuals with a diagnosis of mood or psychotic disorders without lithium treatment, we observed a lower risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.80, 99% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.73\u20130.89), and no significant difference for dementia (HR = 1.15, 99% CI = 0.99\u20101.33), in lithium users. Pulmonary embolism was more common in the lithium\u2010treated cases both in comparison to the general population (HR\u00a0=\u00a02.86, 99% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.42\u20133.37) and in comparison to the psychiatric subcohort (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.68, 99% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.31\u20132.17). Similarly, the risks of Parkinson's disease and kidney disease were higher in both comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conclude that individuals prescribed lithium have a lower risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, but no marked effect on dementia, compared to individuals with a mood or psychotic disorder not prescribed lithium. Venous thromboembolism, Parkinson's disease, and kidney disease were significantly more prevalent in individuals prescribed lithium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T05:09:25Z","timestamp":1674018565000},"page":"391-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Lithium and risk of cardiovascular disease, dementia and venous thromboembolism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Ponzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Millischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schalling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Knowledge Brokers Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Lavebratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Backlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet &amp; 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