{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:34:40Z","timestamp":1790976880848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Manic and depressive mood states in bipolar disorder (BD) may emerge from the non\u2010linear relations between constantly changing mood symptoms exhibited as a complex dynamic system. Dynamic Time Warp (DTW) is an algorithm that may capture symptom interactions from panel data with sparse observations over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Young Mania Rating Scale and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology were repeatedly assessed in 141 individuals with BD, with on average 5.5 assessments per subject every 3\u20136\u2009months. Dynamic Time Warp calculated the distance between each of the 27\u2009\u00d7\u200927 pairs of standardized symptom scores. The changing profile of standardized symptom scores of BD participants was analyzed in individual subjects, yielding symptom dimensions in aggregated group\u2010level analyses. Using an asymmetric time\u2010window, symptom changes that preceded other symptom changes (i.e., Granger causality) yielded a directed network.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age of the BD participants was 40.1 (SD 13.5) years old, and 60% were female participants. Idiographic symptom networks were highly variable between subjects. Yet, nomothetic analyses showed five symptom dimensions: core (hypo)mania (6 items), dysphoric mania (5 items), lethargy (7 items), somatic\/suicidality (6 items), and sleep (3 items). Symptoms of the \u201cLethargy\u201d dimension showed the highest out\u2010strength, and its changes preceded those of \u201csomatic\/suicidality,\u201d while changes in \u201ccore (hypo)mania\u201d preceded those of \u201cdysphoric mania.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dynamic Time Warp may help to capture meaningful BD symptom interactions from panel data with sparse observations. It may increase insight into the temporal dynamics of symptoms, as those with high out\u2010strength (rather than high in\u2010strength) could be promising targets for intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T09:00:15Z","timestamp":1685782815000},"page":"44-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Dynamic time warp analysis of individual symptom trajectories in individuals with bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0844-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Mesbah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Mental Health Care PsyQ Kralingen, Department of Mood Disorders Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5908-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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