{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:35:13Z","timestamp":1775054113533,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the definitions of treatment\u2010resistant mania (TRM) in the literature and propose criteria for an operationalized definition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search of five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo, Cochrane Central, and CINAHL) and data extraction of eligible articles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 47 articles addressing the concept of TRM were included, comprising 16 case reports, 11 case series, 3 randomized clinical trials, 8 open\u2010label clinical trials, 1 experimental study, 7 narrative reviews, and 1 systematic review. While reviews discussed several challenges in defining TRM, definitions varied substantially based on different criteria for severity of mania, duration of mania, and use of specific therapeutic agents with minimal dosages and duration of treatment. Only a handful of the reviewed articles operationalized these criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the concept of TRM has been discussed in the literature for over three decades, we could not find an agreed\u2010upon operationalized definition based on specific criteria. We propose and discuss a possible definition that could be used by clinicians to guide their practice and by researchers to assess the prevalence of TRM and develop and test interventions targeting TRM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T23:52:41Z","timestamp":1700005961000},"page":"7-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Challenges in defining treatment\u2010resistant mania in adults: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit H.","family":"Mulsant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5771-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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