{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:19:34Z","timestamp":1779164374114,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Philosophers have debated on the \u201cmere\u2010difference\u201d view of disability, according to which disability as such is neutral in terms of well\u2010being, just like race and gender. It is contrasted with the \u201cbad\u2010difference\u201d view, which holds that disability is bad for its possessor even in a non\u2010ableist situation. We first illustrate how neither view can be sensitive to the diversity of disabled people and their disabilities. Subsequently, we propose an alternative outlook\u2014the conditional bad\u2010difference view of disability: a disability is bad for its possessor if and only if it hampers her aspired way of life, even without ableism. In addition to being theoretically moderate and thus more plausible than the existing outlooks, this view also offers a robust ethical case for policies and practices catering to the varying needs and values of disabled people, such as personalized healthcare and the user\u2010led research of assistive technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.70012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T10:15:08Z","timestamp":1753352108000},"page":"802-809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disability, Subject\u2010Dependence, and the Bad\u2010Difference View"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7532-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Ishida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uehiro Division for Applied Ethics, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1288-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Sasaki\u2010Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria CSIC\/Universidad de Cantabria Santander Spain"},{"name":"Center for iPS Cell Research and Application Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3806-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Sawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uehiro Division for Applied Ethics, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"122","volume-title":"Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability","author":"Shepherd J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26556\/jesp.v21i3.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00411-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.24.4.S57"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511614590.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511624971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198732587.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-020-01466-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199234509.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-103229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Disability and the Good Human Life","author":"Wasserman D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-102911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12812"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2017.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26556\/jesp.v9i3.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190622879.013.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhab025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/jpd20223110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10892-024-09477-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-022-10190-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-007-9188-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzy020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-007-9076-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"310","volume-title":"Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability","author":"Marsh J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199603787.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics","author":"Sumner L. 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