{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:07:16Z","timestamp":1788955636646,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioethics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper considers the connection between fairness and unfairness from a theoretical standpoint, highlighting the importance of critically evaluating the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) tools on patients' perception of healthcare justice. The arguments and analysis are framed within the context of Hannah Arendt's concept of the \u2018banality of evil\u2019 and Miranda Fricker's concept of \u2018epistemic injustice\u2019. The article suggests that the greatest threat to fairness and transparency when it comes to AI may not be people deliberately trying to cause harm, but rather a widespread culture of apathy and complacency that prevents people from taking action. The paper concludes that renewing patients' commitment to critical thinking and encouraging them to take greater personal responsibility are key. More active and engaged citizenship is also required. By cultivating critical reflection, prioritising data privacy, promoting collective support, building emotional resilience, and advocating for ethical AI, individuals can transform their healthcare into a formidable bulwark against those who seek to curtail their autonomy and stifle their voices. This comprehensive healthcare strategy is about more than just the individual's welfare. It is also about creating a fair, self\u2010governing society in which the potential of each person as a smart, active participant is recognised and protected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.70188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:24:26Z","timestamp":1788953066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protecting Patient Information in Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5198-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Szabat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Bioethics and Health Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Health Sciences Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cEthics and Governance of Artificial Inteligence for Health. Guidance on Large Multi\u2010Modal Models \u201d2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240084759."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01503-7","article-title":"Bias Recognition and Mitigation Strategies in Artificial Intelligence Healthcare Applications","volume":"8","author":"Hasanzadeh F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02894-w","article-title":"Shaping the Future of AI in Healthcare Through Ethics and Governance","volume":"11","author":"Bouderhem R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanities &Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organizations \u201cRegulatory Considerations on Artificial Intelligence for Health \u201d2023 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240078871."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1643180\/full"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil","author":"Arendt H.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"The Life of the Mind. One\/Thinking","author":"Arendt H.","year":"1978"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1108\/10748121111179376","article-title":"Wise Machines?","volume":"19","author":"Allen C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"On the Horizon"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.6040","article-title":"Feasibility of Reidentifying Individuals in Large National Physical Activity Data Sets From Which Protected Health Information Has Been Removed With Use of Machine Learning","volume":"1","author":"Na L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231153740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Responsibility and Judgment","author":"Arendt H.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/12861","article-title":"Wearable Health Technology and Electronic Health Record Integration: Scoping Review and Future Directions","volume":"7","author":"Dinh\u2010Le C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-021-09587-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198237907.001.0001","volume-title":"Epistemic Injustice: Power & the Ethics of Knowing","author":"Fricker M.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.173","article-title":"A Review on Intelligent Wearables: Uses and Risks","volume":"1","author":"Xue Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S495934","article-title":"Biases in Artificial Intelligence Application in Pain Medicine","volume":"18","author":"Jumreornvong O.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Pain Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01895-6","article-title":"\u201cBeyond Human Ears: Navigating the Uncharted Risks of AI Scribes in Clinical Practice","volume":"8","author":"Topaz M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Digital Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imed.2023.08.001","article-title":"Medical Artificial Intelligence and the Black Box Problem: A View Based on the Ethical Principle of \u2018Do No Harm\u2019","volume":"4","author":"Xu H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intelligent Medicine"},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01443-2","article-title":"\u201cPreventing Unrestricted and Unmonitored AI Experimentation in Healthcare Through Transparency and Accountability","volume":"8","author":"Comeau D. S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","article-title":"Global Citizen Deliberation on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Davies T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Options and Design Considerations"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Project website accessed April 9 2026 https:\/\/global-ai-dialogue.org\/about\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"xxv","volume-title":"Responsibility and Judgment","author":"Arendt H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41296-024-00680-6"}],"container-title":["Bioethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bioe.70188","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bioe.70188","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bioe.70188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:24:29Z","timestamp":1788953069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bioe.70188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bioe.70188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bioe.70188","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-9702","1467-8519"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-9702","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8519","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"bioe.70188"}}