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Subjects arrive iteratively and are either randomized <jats:italic>or<\/jats:italic> paired via a matching criterion to a previously randomized subject and administered the alternate treatment. We develop estimators for the average treatment effect that combine information from both the matched pairs and unmatched subjects as well as an exact test. Simulations illustrate the method's higher efficiency and power over several competing allocation procedures in both simulations and in data from a clinical trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,31]],"date-time":"2014-01-31T17:17:16Z","timestamp":1391188636000},"page":"378-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Matching on\u2010the\u2010fly: Sequential allocation with higher power and efficiency"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Kapelner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania 3730 Walnut St. Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abba","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania 3730 Walnut St. 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