{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:08:32Z","timestamp":1792498112473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,18]],"date-time":"2013-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rape is one of the most traumatizing violations a woman can be subjected to, and leads to extensive health problems, predominantly psychological ones. A large proportion of women develop a form of posttraumatic stress termed Rape Trauma Syndrome. A previous study by our research group has shown that women with a history of rape far more often had an operative delivery in their first birth and those who gave birth vaginally had second stages twice as long as women with no history of sexual assault. The aim of this study is to examine and illuminate how women previously subjected to rape experience giving birth for the first time and their advice on the kind of birth care they regard as good for women with a history of rape.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A semi\u2010structured interview with 10 women, who had been exposed to rape before their first childbirth. Data on the birth experience were analyzed by qualitative content analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main theme was \u201cbeing back in the rape\u201d with two categories: \u201creactivation of the rape during labor,\u201d with subcategories \u201cstruggle,\u201d \u201csurrender,\u201d and \u201cescape\u201d and \u201cre\u2010traumatization after birth,\u201d with the subcategories \u201cobjectified,\u201d \u201cdirtied,\u201d and \u201calienated body.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A rape trauma can be reactivated during the first childbirth regardless of mode of delivery. After birth, the women found themselves re\u2010traumatized with the feeling of being dirtied, alienated, and reduced to just a body that another body is to come out of. Birth attendants should acknowledge that the common measures and procedures used during normal birth or cesarean section can contribute to a reactivation of the rape trauma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T04:24:50Z","timestamp":1444710290000},"page":"182-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Giving Birth with Rape in One's Past: A Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Lotta","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Troms\u00f8 Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of North Norway Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Nerum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Troms\u00f8 Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of North Norway Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"\u00d8ian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of North Norway Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Troms\u00f8 Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tore","family":"S\u00f8rlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Troms\u00f8 Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Department of General Psychiatry University Hospital of North Norway Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504268604"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.8.1483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2005.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Rape \u2013 A Hazard to Health","author":"Dahl S","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0389-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0397-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2000.2.1\/bvdkolk","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma","volume":"2","author":"Kolk B","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2370010310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01044771"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.6.1257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"V\u00e5ldsutsatte kvinnor \u2010 samh\u00e4llets ansvar","author":"Heimer G","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.02216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820500305788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00113-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00040-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2010.01024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05627-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","volume-title":"Det kvalitative forskningsintervju","author":"Kvale S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2003.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","volume-title":"Survivor Moms. 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