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We examined the correlation between cesarean delivery rate and infant mortality rate with Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and examined the independent effect of cesarean delivery on infant mortality with multiple linear regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cesarean delivery and infant mortality rates varied substantially among the included countries: from 15.6 to 50.0 percent and from 1.9 per to 6.8 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Cesarean delivery rates were positively correlated with infant mortality rates (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.41, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The association remained after adjustment for maternal age, infant sex, per capita <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDP<\/jats:styled-content>, and the Gini index (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.03), but disappeared after further adjustment for preterm birth (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.07). In a sensitivity analysis, the results were not appreciably affected by excluding births at &lt;\u00a022\u00a0weeks of gestation, by weighting the data by the number of births in each country, or by excluding data from particular countries with possible measurement issues (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>, Greece).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A higher cesarean delivery rate is associated with higher infant mortality rate among these high\u2010income industrialized countries. One of the mechanisms by which cesarean delivery affects infant mortality is through iatrogenic prematurity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,17]],"date-time":"2015-01-17T06:20:00Z","timestamp":1421475600000},"page":"62-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Higher Cesarean Delivery Rates are Associated with Higher Infant Mortality Rates in Industrialized Countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Ri\u2010hua","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing at the Hunan University of Medicine Huaihua China"},{"name":"McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment Institute of Population Health University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OMNI Research Group Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Krewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment Institute of Population Health University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OMNI Research Group Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi Wu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OMNI Research Group Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2012.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"436","article-title":"Appropriate technology for birth","volume":"2","author":"The World Health Organization","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Millennium Development Goals 5 \u2010 Maternal and reproductive health: Women Data by country","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.06.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680050101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400905"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.850486"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"High income countries.New York:United Nations 2012. 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