{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T23:21:23Z","timestamp":1775776883004,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010833","name":"Foundation for the Advancement of Midwifery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited systematic research on maternal placentophagy is available to maternity care providers whose clients\/patients may be considering this increasingly popular practice. Our purpose was to characterize the practice of placentophagy and its attendant neonatal outcomes among a large sample of women in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">United States<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a medical records\u2013based data set (n\u00a0=\u00a023\u00a0242) containing pregnancy, birth, and postpartum information for women who planned community births. We used logistic regression to determine demographic and clinical predictors of placentophagy. Finally, we compared neonatal outcomes (hospitalization, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">neonatal intensive unit<\/jats:styled-content> admission, or neonatal death in the first 6\u00a0weeks) between placenta consumers and nonconsumers, and participants who consumed placenta raw vs cooked.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nearly one\u2010third (30.8%) of women consumed their placenta. Consumers were more likely to have reported pregravid anxiety or depression compared with nonconsumers. Most (85.3%) placentophagic mothers consumed their placentas in encapsulated form, and nearly half (48.4%) consumed capsules containing dehydrated, uncooked placenta. Placentophagy was not associated with any adverse neonatal outcomes. Women with home births were more likely to engage in placentophagy than women with birth center births. The most common reason given (73.1%) for engaging in placentophagy was to prevent postpartum depression. [Corrections added on 16 May 2018, after first online publication: The percentage values in the Results sections were updated.]<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of women consumed their placentas in uncooked\/encapsulated form and hoping to avoid postpartum depression, although no evidence currently exists to support this strategy. Preparation technique (cooked vs uncooked) did not influence adverse neonatal outcomes. Maternity care providers should discuss the range of options available to prevent\/treat postpartum depression, in addition to current evidence with respect to the safety of placentophagy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1525318437000},"page":"459-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Placentophagy among women planning community births in the United States: Frequency, rationale, and associated neonatal outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Benyshek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Nevada  Las Vegas NV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Cheyney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Oregon State University  Corvallis OR USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2139-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marit L.","family":"Bovbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health and Human Sciences Oregon State University  Corvallis OR USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2010.524106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"352","volume-title":"Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica","author":"Bensky D","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"History of Childbirth: Fertility, Pregnancy, and Birth in Early Modern Europe","author":"G\u00e9lis J","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"591","article-title":"Notes on placentophagy","volume":"55","author":"Ober WB","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Meat of life","volume":"122","author":"Janszen K","year":"1980","journal-title":"Sci Dig"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Placentophagy","volume":"97","author":"Field M","year":"1984","journal-title":"Midwives Chron"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2012.719356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2013.798325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2012.661325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2016.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","article-title":"Effects of placentophagy on maternal salivary hormones: a pilot trial, part 1","author":"Young SM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","article-title":"Placentophagy's effects on mood, bonding, and fatigue: a pilot trial, part 2","author":"Young SM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13839"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6625a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/2158-0782.5.4.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Births: Final Data for 2015 National Vital Statistics Report","author":"Martin JA","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12228"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520229327.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2350\/13-05-1338-OA.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"LeonardK.Can you take your placenta home? It's complicated.US News and World Report. June 7 2016.https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/articles\/2016-06-07\/placentas-eaten-after-birth-can-be-treated-as-biohazard-in-some-states. Accessed July 5 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"Association of Placental Preparation Arts.http:\/\/placentaassociation.com\/group-b-strep-placenta-encapsulation-safety\/. Accessed July 3 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"FDA.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/resourcesforyou\/consumers\/ucm255180.htm. Accessed November 28 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"FDA.The Food and Drug Administration's Food and Cosmetic Information Center (FCIC)\/Technical Assistance Network (TAN) response for case number 00064298.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/FSMA\/ucm459719.htm. 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