{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T07:55:03Z","timestamp":1773647703449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic has posed substantial social and economic disruptions that may have had adverse effects on maternal and infant health. This study examines the changes in birth outcomes and prenatal care use during the COVID\u201019 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 compared to pre\u2010pandemic years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data come from birth certificates from the U.S. Vital Statistics Natality Files. The analytical sample includes 18,678,327 births in the 50 states and Washington, DC between 2017 and 2021. An event study is employed to examine changes in multiple birth outcomes and prenatal care use over years adjusting for demographic\/socioeconomic characteristics and state of residence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were very small changes in birth outcomes during pandemic years in 2020 and 2021. Specifically, low birth weight odds were lower in 2020 (OR\u2009=\u20090.99; 95 CI: 0.98\u20130.99) but higher in 2021 (OR\u2009=\u20091.03; 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.04) compared to 2019. C\u2010section odds were higher in 2021 (OR\u2009=\u20091.01, 95% CI: 1.002\u20131.008) than in 2019. The mean number of prenatal visits in both 2020 and 2021 relative to 2019 was lower by about 0.3 visits (95% CI: \u22120.31 to \u22120.30 in 2021).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, there is no evidence of broad pandemic effects on low birth weight and preterm birth in 2020\u20132021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T06:50:11Z","timestamp":1728715811000},"page":"329-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Birth Outcomes and Prenatal Care Use in the U.S. During the <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 Pandemic in 2020 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Wehby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Department of Economics University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Public Policy Center University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"National Bureau of Economic Research  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00079-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7047e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.6512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12811"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: Final Data for 2020","volume":"70","author":"Osterman M. 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New York Times \u201d2021 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/us\/states\u2010reopen\u2010map\u2010coronavirus.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Quarterly Services Survey Shows Pandemic Had Greater Effect on Some Health Care Services","author":"Jarrett J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"K.Gallagher J.Gerhart K.Amin M.Rae andC.Cox \u201cEarly 2021 Data Show No Rebound in Health Care Utilization. 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Centers for Disease Prevention and Control) https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/NHISDataQueryTool\/SHS_adult\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2023.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2023.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12916"}],"container-title":["Birth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/birt.12890","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T12:13:22Z","timestamp":1746706402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/birt.12890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/birt.12890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/birt.12890","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7659","1523-536X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7659","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-536X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}