{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T08:53:17Z","timestamp":1763023997592,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic posed new and unpredictable challenges worldwide, having a particular effect on vulnerable groups, including pregnant women. The occurrence of these stressful circumstances likely increased women's fear of childbirth, a critical issue in pregnancy with consequences for various outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross\u2010sectional study investigated fear of childbirth in pregnant women during three waves of the COVID\u201019 pandemic in Poland and identified factors predicting severe fear. Participants were recruited through social media platforms. In total, 2462 pregnant women completed the study questionnaire during the first (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091079), second (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091119), or third (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009264) waves of the pandemic. Fear of childbirth was measured with the Fear of Birth visual analog scale (FOBS) using a cut\u2010off score of \u2265\u200954 to indicate clinically relevant fear of childbirth. COVID\u201019\u2010related stress was assessed using the Pandemic\u2010Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fear of childbirth was present in 51.5%, 61.9%, and 56.8% of participants at the three waves, respectively. Women who were pregnant during the first and third waves had lower fear of childbirth scores than those who were pregnant during the second wave. This could be explained by changes in infection rates and the severity of the disease, restrictions in maternity care, and the availability of vaccinations. In successive pandemic waves, predictors of severe fear of childbirth (FoC), especially related to COVID\u201019, differed. Across waves, the most powerful predictor was stress originating from feeling unprepared for birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fear of childbirth differed across pandemic time points. Pandemic waves should be considered in future review studies and meta\u2010analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T21:03:28Z","timestamp":1741727008000},"page":"594-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in Fear of Childbirth and Its Predictors Over Three\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Pandemic Waves in Poland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalina","family":"Ilska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice  Katowice Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Perinatology, Gynaecology, and Obstetrics in Ruda \u015alaska Medical University of Silesia  Ruda \u015al\u0105ska Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ko\u0142odziej\u2010Zaleska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-3016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brandt\u2010Salmeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Preis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Renaissance School of Medicine  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marci","family":"Lobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Renaissance School of Medicine  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35765\/pk.2022.3702.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Mikrospo\u0142eczne podstawy (nie)skuteczno\u015bci prawa. Reakcje na pandemiczne zakazy, nakazy i zalecenia w zwi\u0105zku z rozprzestrzenianiem si\u0119 COVID\u201019","author":"Karkowska M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12884\u2010018\u20101659\u20107\/TABLES\/3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.WOMBI.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAD.2020.12.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MIDW.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15296\/ijwhr.2022.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201083915\u20105"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Severe Fear of Childbirth: Its Features, Assesment, Prevalence, Determinants, Consequences and Possible Treatments","volume":"25","author":"Klabbers G. 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