{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:50:04Z","timestamp":1792047004648,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001781","name":"Swinburne University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surrogacy represents an increasingly common pathway to parenthood, yet maternity care services remain largely designed around conventional models of care centred on the pregnant woman and her partner. This study explored how surrogates and intended parents experienced antenatal care in Australia, where national surrogacy\u2010specific guidance is absent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A qualitative design was used, incorporating semi\u2010structured interviews with 17 participants (nine surrogates and eight intended parents) across different states. Interviews lasted 60\u201390\u2009min, were conducted online, de\u2010identified, and analyzed thematically following Braun and Clarke's six\u2010phase framework. The antenatal phase was defined as care from confirmed pregnancy to hospital admission for birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three themes captured participants' experiences: (1) Recognition and system inconsistencies in antenatal care reflected variable institutional awareness and conflicting documentation processes that left families repeatedly clarifying their roles; (2) Negotiating inclusion in antenatal care highlighted the inconsistent inclusion of intended parents in scans and appointments, often shaped by hospital rules, geography, and surrogate discretion; and (3) Navigating emotional preparation and uncertainty described how both groups balanced excitement with anxiety about recognition, expectations, and the impending handover. Together, these themes reveal that care quality depended on individual clinicians rather than system\u2010level guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antenatal surrogacy care in Australia remains inconsistent and emotionally demanding for families. Establishing national, adaptable guidance that promotes recognition, inclusion, and coordinated communication between surrogates, intended parents, and healthcare teams could enhance equity, clinician confidence, and the person\u2010centred foundations of surrogacy birth care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.70135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1791866828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Negotiation to Uncertainty: Surrogates' and Intended Parents' Experiences of Antenatal Care in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7683-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutharat","family":"Attawet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8414-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evie","family":"Kendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Health and Exercise Sciences, School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1542-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4874-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myles","family":"Ojabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Jefford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surrogacy &amp; Donor Legal Services Coburg North Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1108-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micah D. J.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (ANMF) Federal Office Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Health Evidence Synthesis, Recommendations and Impact (HESRI), School of Public Health The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The Danish Centre of Systematic Reviews: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Office of the Pro\u2010Vice Chancellor (First Nations Strategy) University of Southern Queensland Ipswich Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health, School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-024-10343-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in Engagement in Surrogacy by Nationality 2018\u20132020: A Survey of Surrogacy Agencies","volume":"8","author":"Everingham S. G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Reproductive Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2021.1937716"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37464\/2024.414.2130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2023.103888"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Surrogacy in Australia","author":"Australian Government","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"Review of Surrogacy Laws: Discussion Paper (2025)","author":"Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2020.1725935"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33788\/rcis.77.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lawfam\/ebac030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"210","article-title":"Intended Parents and the Problem of Perspective","volume":"24","author":"Purvis D. E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Law and Feminism"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Care in Surrogacy: Practice, Ethics and Regulations","author":"Edwards E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Birth and Parent Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lawfam\/ebae009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"Guidance: Care in Surrogacy: Guidance for the Care of Surrogates and Intended Parents in Surrogate Births in England and Wales","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"WHO Recommendations: Intrapartum Care for a Positive Childbirth Experience","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"ESHRE Ethical Considerations","author":"European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Counselling in Infertility","author":"European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaf006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Guidance in the Care of Surrogacy CHS24\/609","author":"Canberra Health Services","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","volume-title":"Surrogacy Management Standards in Public Health Units SA 2021 Clinical Directive","author":"SA Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.03.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21768"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2022.1271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060696"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"Transnational Commercial Surrogacy and the (Un)Making of Kin in India","author":"Majumdar A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"The Role of Health Policy in Improving Health Outcomes and Health Equity","volume":"134","author":"Maddox K. E. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","volume-title":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Maternity Models of Care in Australia","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2024.06.001"}],"container-title":["Birth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/birt.70135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/birt.70135","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/birt.70135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:39:40Z","timestamp":1792046380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/birt.70135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/birt.70135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/birt.70135","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7659","1523-536X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7659","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-536X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"birt.70135"}}