{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:09:53Z","timestamp":1789578593917,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]],"date-time":"2013-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study investigated whether within\u2010individual relations between depression vulnerability factors (childhood trauma, dysfunctional attitudes, maladaptive coping) and depressive symptom trajectories varied as a function of the number of prior major depressive episodes (MDEs) experienced in their lifetime.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 68 young adults who varied with regard to their history of depression; 32 were remitted depressed and 36 were never depressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depressive symptoms and disorders were assessed using semi\u2010structured psychiatric interviews conducted twice over a 6\u2010month period; interviews yielded weekly ratings of depressive symptoms during the follow\u2010up interval. Childhood trauma, dysfunctional attitudes and coping were assessed with self\u2010report measures. Data analyses were conducted using time\u2010lagged multilevel models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals with more previous\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s who reported greater childhood trauma exposure, more dysfunctional attitudes, or greater use of maladaptive coping strategies experienced more rapid increases in depressive symptoms during the follow\u2010up period. A significant interaction of coping, number of previous\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s, and time was found indicating that among individuals with less adaptive coping (i.e., lower primary or lower secondary control coping scores), depressive symptoms rating (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) increased significantly in relation to number of prior depressive episodes; no change in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was observed for never\u2010depressed individuals. Among individuals with\n                      <jats:italic>higher<\/jats:italic>\n                      primary control coping scores, significant increases in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      scores were observed for individuals with \u22653 prior\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s only.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings highlight the need for treatment and prevention programmes that target stress reactivity and coping strategies early in the course of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Findings highlight the need to conduct multi\u2010dimensional assessments of depression vulnerability that examine the interplay among risk factors over time.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Relations between vulnerability factors (childhood trauma, dysfunctional attitudes, maladaptive coping) and depressive symptoms were stronger for individuals with more prior major depressive episodes (MDEs).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Interventions for recurrent depression should focus on secondary control coping strategies that emphasize accommodation to stressful life events.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Future studies should assess high\u2010risk individuals before their first MDE to determine whether vulnerability factors linked with recurrence are pre\u2010existing and relatively stable, or if they reflect \u2018scars\u2019 from MDEs.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]],"date-time":"2013-12-27T08:42:36Z","timestamp":1388133756000},"page":"245-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Interactive models of depression vulnerability: The role of childhood trauma, dysfunctional attitudes, and coping"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine Meharry Medical College Nashville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Meharry Medical College Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrystyna D.","family":"Kouros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology at Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn R.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology at Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Meharry Medical College Nashville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Meharry Medical College Nashville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Kennedy Center Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Kennedy Center Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466502163912"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021245618183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025295"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions","author":"Aiken L. 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