{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:03:53Z","timestamp":1792112633324,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Society for Scientific Research (NWO)","award":["91208009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91208009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rumination is a risk factor after bereavement, predicting higher concurrent and prospective symptom levels of complicated grief and depression in mourners. Research has shown that rumination may consist of adaptive and maladaptive subtypes, but there has been a paucity of research in this topic in the bereavement area. Therefore, we aimed to clarify whether functional and dysfunctional forms of rumination can be distinguished after loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two\u2010hundred and forty\u2010two adults, who lost a first\u2010degree family member on average 10\u00a0months previously, filled out questionnaires at three time points with 6\u00a0months between each time point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple regression analyses, controlled for loss\u2010related variables, neuroticism, and baseline symptoms, were run to examine associations of subtypes of depressive rumination (brooding, reflection) and grief rumination (rumination about injustice, meaning, reactions, relationships and counterfactual thinking) with concurrent and prospective symptom levels of complicated grief and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, grief rumination explained more variance in symptom levels than depressive rumination. Other major findings were that grief rumination about injustice predicted higher concurrent and prospective symptom levels of complicated grief and higher prospective symptom levels of depression. In contrast, grief rumination about emotional reactions was related to prospective reductions in symptoms of complicated grief. Reflection was also associated with prospective reductions of complicated grief and depressive symptom levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicate that adaptive and maladaptive forms of ruminative thinking can be distinguished in bereaved individuals. Therapeutic interventions for complicated grief could potentially be improved by including techniques aimed at reducing maladaptive rumination and increasing adaptive rumination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical implications<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination after loss can be distinguished. They are differentially associated with concurrent and prospective symptom levels of complicated grief and depression in mourners.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Adaptive rumination after bereavement is characterized by repetitive, self\u2010focused thinking aimed at understanding one's depressive and loss\u2010related emotional reactions.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Maladaptive rumination is characterized by repetitive, self\u2010focused thinking about injustice to the self and making passive comparisons between the current situation (in which one has experienced a loss) and unrealized alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Psychological interventions for complicated grief may be improved by adding therapeutic techniques aimed at reducing maladaptive rumination and increasing adaptive rumination.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Cautions and limitations<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This investigation relied exclusively on self\u2010report measures.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Conjugally bereaved women were overrepresented in the current sample.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Complicated grief and depression levels in the current sample ranged from non\u2010clinical to clinical. Effects may be more pronounced in a clinical sample.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T06:40:34Z","timestamp":1410936034000},"page":"163-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Adaptive and maladaptive rumination after loss: A three\u2010wave longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Maarten C.","family":"Eisma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology Utrecht University The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk A. 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