{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:33:35Z","timestamp":1793115215644,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]],"date-time":"2017-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nearly half of children with intellectual disability (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) have comorbid affective disorders. These problems are chronic if left untreated and can significantly impact upon future vocational, educational, and social opportunities. Despite this, there is a paucity of research into effective treatments for this population. Notably, one of the most supported of psychological therapies, cognitive behaviour therapy (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), remains largely uninvestigated in children with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The current review considers the neuropsychological profile of children and adolescents with mild to moderate ID, with a view to informing how\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      might best be adapted for children and adolescents with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Narrative review of literature considering the neuropsychological profiles of children and adolescents with ID, with specific focus upon attention, memory, learning, executive functioning, and communication. Studies were identified through\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCOPUS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , Psyc\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and PubMed databases, using combinations of the key words \u2018intellectual disability\u2019, \u2018learning disability\u2019, \u2018neuropsychology\u2019, \u2018attention\u2019, \u2018learning\u2019, \u2018memory\u2019, \u2018executive function\u2019, \u2018language\u2019, and \u2018reading\u2019.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      have significant deficits in attention, learning, memory, executive functions, and language. These deficits are likely to have a negative impact upon engagement in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Suggestions for adapting therapy to accommodate these wide ranging deficits are proposed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There are multiple cognitive factors which need to be considered when modifying\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      for children who have\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Furthermore, research is required to test whether\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      so modified is effective in this population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:bold>Clinical implications<\/jats:bold>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Effective ways of providing cognitive behavioural therapy (\n                            <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                            ) to children with intellectual disability (ID) is unclear. This study provides a framework of potential adaptations for clinical practice\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            As rates of mental illness for children with intellectual disability are high, and rates of treatment provision low, it is hoped that the recommendations provided in this study will encourage more mental health practitioners to provide\n                            <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                            to children with ID.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:bold>Limitations<\/jats:bold>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            These recommendations are based only upon neuropsychological literature. Trialling the effectiveness of an adapted form of\n                            <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                            for children and adolescents with\n                            <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                            is required.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>There are varying causes of intellectual disability, with differences in cognitive profiles. The utility of the recommendations made here may vary according to specific aetiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]],"date-time":"2017-04-11T03:13:29Z","timestamp":1491880409000},"page":"189-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["A review of cognitive impairments in children with intellectual disabilities: Implications for cognitive behaviour therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Hronis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Psychology Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynette","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Psychology Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3324-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian I.","family":"Kneebone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Psychology Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508422.2010.521439"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","first-page":"488","article-title":"Social integration of older persons with mental retardation in residential facilities","volume":"96","author":"Anderson D. 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